Global agriculture is a pivotal activity performed by various communities worldwide to produce essential
human food needs. Plant productivity is limited by several factors, such as salinity, water scarcity, and heat stress.
Salinity significantly causes short or long-term impacts on the plant photosynthesis mechanisms by reducing the
photosynthetic rate of CO 2 assimilation and limiting the stomatal conductance. Moreover, disturbing the plant water
status imbalance causes plant growth inhibition. Up-regulation of several plant phytohormones occurs in response to
increasing soil salt concentration. In addition, there are different physiological and biochemical mechanisms of salt
tolerance, including ion transport, uptake, homeostasis, synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, and osmoprotectants.
Besides that, microorganisms proved their ability to increase plant tolerance, Bacillus spp. represents the dominant
bacteria of the rhizosphere zone, characterised as harmless microbes with extraordinary abilities to synthesise many
chemical compounds to support plants in confronting salinity stress. In addition, applying arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi (AMF) is a promising method to decrease salinity-induced plant damage as it could enhance the growth rate
relative to water content. In addition, there is a demand to search for new salt-tolerant crops with more yield and
adaptation to unfavourable environmental conditions. The negative impact of salinity on plant growth and
productivity, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and changes in plant phytohormones biosynthesis, including
abscisic acid and salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, cytokinins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids was discussed in
this review. The mechanisms evolved to adapt and/or survive the plants, including ion homeostasis, antioxidants, and
osmoprotectants biosynthesis, and the microbial mitigate salt stress. In addition, there are modern approaches to apply
innovative methods to modify plants to tolerate salinity, especially in the essential crops producing probable yield with
a notable result for further optimisation and investigations