The innervation of the camel epididymis was studied in 26 apparently healthy, sexually mature animals aged between 4 and 12 years. The material was collected during the different seasons of the year. Generally, five samples were taken from each epididymis. To demonstrate the general innervation pattern, immunohistochemical reactions to protein gene product-9.5, neurofilaments and neuron-specific enolase were used, in addition to acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. The nerve supply of the epididymis comes from two sources: (1) The majority of fibers come from the N. spermaticus inferior and accompany the deferent duct. (2) Another contribution stems from the N. spermaticus superior and enters the head region of the epididymis. From the exterior, the nerves penetrate the capsule of the organ to reach the interductular connective tissue. The terminal ramifications are observed directly within the wall of the duct and the wall of the epididymal arteries. The veins of the camel epididymis are not innervated. In the wall of the ductus epididymidis, the nerve fibers form plexuses at the subepithelial level and in the muscular coat. The amount of nerve fibers increases from the head to the tail, paralleling an increase in the intrinsic musculature. The intramural and interductular innervation of epididymal body and tail shows clear seasonal variations: More fibers and stronger reactions are observed during the winter season; the lowest density and the weakest reactions occur during the summer season. All epididymal nerves of the camel are unmyelinated. The majority of the intramural fibers and all in the arterial wall represent postjunctional sympathetic axons, but in the intramural plexuses of the duct a considerable number of cholinergic fibers are also present. Neuropeptide Y is the most frequent peptidergic transmitter and generally co-localized with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the sympathetic axons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide has a distribution similar to that of the cholinergic fibers. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive axons occur in moderate numbers, but never in the arterial innervation. Together with the relatively rare substance P-containing fibers, the calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive axons seem to represent the only sensory nerves in the camel epididymis.