Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that causes severe complications in several tissues due to redox imbalances, which in turn cause defective angiogenesis in response to ischemia and activate a number of proinflammatory pathways. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of bee gomogenat (BG) dietary supplementation on the architecture of immune organs in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) mouse model. Three animal groups were used: the control non-diabetic, diabetic, and BG-treated diabetic groups. STZ-induced diabetes was associated with increased levels of blood glucose, ROS, and IL-6 and decreased levels of IL-2, IL-7, IL-4, and GSH. Moreover, diabetic mice showed alterations in the expression of autophagy markers (LC3, Beclin-1, and P62) and apoptosis markers (Bcl-2 and Bax) in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Most importantly, the phosphorylation level of AKT (a promoter of cell survival) was significantly decreased, but the expression levels of MCP-1 and HSP-70 (markers of inflammation) were significantly increased in the spleen and lymph nodes in diabetic mice compared to control animals. Interestingly, oral supplementation with BG restored the levels of blood glucose, ROS, IL-6, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, and GSH in diabetic mice. Treatment with BG significantly abrogated apoptosis and autophagy in lymphoid organs in diabetic mice by restoring the expression levels of LC3, Beclin-1, P62, Bcl-2, and Bax; decreasing inflammatory signals by downregulating the expression of MCP-1 and HSP-70; and promoting cell survival by enhancing the phosphorylation of AKT. Our data were the first to reveal the therapeutic potential of BG on the architecture of lymphoid organs and enhancing the immune system during T1D.

In recent years, various anaesthetic agents and mixtures had been evaluated for caudal epidural analgesia in cattle with a variety of results. Caudal epidural analgesia is a routine and established technique for a variety of surgical and obstetrical procedures in cattle and might depend on the volume of local analgesic. The objective of the present work to compare between the analgesic efficacy of xylazine alone and that of Xylazine-epinephrine
combination in caudal epidural analgesia through studying the clinical and behavioral changes as well as estimating degrees of ataxia, sedation and analgesia in cows throughout monitoring their efficacies pre-epidural
(Minute 0) injection or post-epidural injection (Minutes 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180). The study was conducted on clinically healthy non-pregnant cross cows (n=20). They were classified into two equal groups. The first one received epidural injection of 0.05 mg/kg xylazine and thus was referred as Xylagr. The second group was epidurally treated through injection of combination of 0.05 mg/kg xylazine and Epinephrine and thus was referred as Xyla-Epingr. All animals were subjected for through clinical examination as well as monitoring
of different degrees of ataxia, sedation and analgesia parameters. There was no statistically significant difference in the onset of analgesia between xylazine epidural injection (11.85±1.25 minutes) and xylazine with epinephrine (12.01±1.05 minutes). Epidural administration of xylazine with epinephrine produced a significantly
longer duration of analgesia (161.0±7.62 minutes) than that produced by epidural injection xylazine alone (136.20±7.13 minutes). Administration of xylazine alone resulted in mild to moderate sedation with mild ataxia, as well as cutaneous analgesia for the perineal region while xylazine with epinephrine produced mild sedation without ataxia, as well as cutaneous analgesia for the perineal region. The study concluded the higher efficacy of xylazine-epinephrine combinations as a caudal epidural analgesic drug compared with that of xylazine alone. Xylazine-epinephrine combination has more rapid onset of recovery from signs of ataxia and sedation than xylazine alone, which make it more suitable than xylazine in cattle as an intraoperative and postoperative analgesia.

The amphibious teleost Giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Pallas 1770) inhabit
muddy plains and Asian mangrove forests. It spends more than 90% of its life outside of the
water, using its skin, gills, and buccal-pharyngeal cavity mucosa to breathe in oxygen from the
surrounding air. All vertebrates have been found to have mast cells (MCs), which are part of the
innate immune system. These cells are mostly found in the mucous membranes of the organs that
come in contact with the outside environment. According to their morphology, MCs have distinctive
cytoplasmic granules that are released during the degranulation process. Additionally, these cells
have antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that fight a variety of infections. Piscidins, hepcidins, defensins,
cathelicidins, and histonic peptides are examples of fish AMPs. Confocal microscopy was used in this
study to assess Piscidin1 expression in Giant Mudskipper branchial MCs. Our results demonstrated
the presence of MCs in the gills is highly positive for Piscidin1. Additionally, colocalized MCs labeled
with TLR2/5-HT and Piscidin1/5-HT supported our data. The expression of Piscidin1 in giant
mudskipper MCs highlights the involvement of this peptide in the orchestration of teleost immunity,
advancing the knowledge of the defense system of this fish.

This study was conducted on 16 adult specimens of molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) to investigate
ependymal cells (ECs) and their role in neurogenesis using ultrastructural examination and
immunohistochemistry. The ECs lined the ventral and lateral surfaces of the optic ventricle and their
processes extended through the tectal laminae and ended at the surface of the tectum as a subpial
end-foot. Two cell types of ECs were identified: cuboidal non-ciliated (5.68  0.84/100 m2) and
columnar ciliated (EC3.22  0.71/100 m2). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed two types of
GFAP immunoreactive cells: ECs and astrocytes. The ECs showed the expression of IL-1, APG5,
and Nfr2. Moreover, ECs showed immunostaining for myostatin, S100, and SOX9 in their cytoplasmic
processes. The proliferative activity of the neighboring stem cells was also distinct. The most
interesting finding in this study was the glia–neuron interaction, where the processes of ECs met the
progenitor neuronal cells in the ependymal area of the ventricular wall. These cells showed bundles
of intermediate filaments in their processes and basal poles and were connected by desmosomes,
followed by gap junctions. Many membrane-bounded vesicles could be demonstrated on the surface
of the ciliated ECs that contained neurosecretion. The abluminal and lateral cell surfaces of ECs
showed pinocytotic activities with many coated vesicles, while their apical cytoplasm contained
centrioles. The occurrence of stem cells in close position to the ECs, and the presence of bundles of
generating axons in direct contact with these stem cells indicate the role of ECs in neurogenesis. The
TEM results revealed the presence of neural stem cells in a close position to the ECs, in addition to
the presence of bundles of generating axons in direct contact with these stem cells. The present study
indicates the role of ECs in neurogenesis.

The immune system of a fish has cellular and molecular defense mechanisms that are
substantially retained throughout the evolution of vertebrates. The innate immune system provides
biological processes, such as phagocytosis and mechanical barriers, to implement an efficient defensive
response after exposure to chemical or biological contaminants, pollutants, and contact with
parasites, germs, and pathogens. Club cells (CCs) are widespread in the skin of Ostariophysi. After
a predator attack or exposure to toxins and parasites, these cells can produce alarming substances.
Given their effectiveness against viruses, parasites, and common skin lesions, recent studies have
suggested that CCs are a component of the immune system. This study aims to immunohistochemically
characterize the CCs for the first time in the skin of zebrafish, using mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) p38, Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, Piscidin1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase
(iNOS) peptides involved in the function of all types of vertebrate immune cells. According to our
analysis, the intermediate layer of the epidermis exhibited rounded, oval, and elongated CCs, with
central acidophilic cytoplasm and a spherical basophilic nucleus, that are positive to the antibodies
tested. Our results may confirm that CCs could be involved in the immune function, increasing our
knowledge of the immune system of teleosts.