Wound healing is a complex process involving multiple phases aimed at repairing damaged tissues.
Disruptions in this process can lead to chronic wounds and infections. Effective treatments that
maintain cellular bioactivity while being cost-effective and easy to manufacture and store are needed.
The amniotic membrane (AM) is highly biocompatible and rich in bioactive factors, making it valuable
for regenerative medicine. Bovine AM is noteworthy for its large size, which facilitates its use in
medical settings. However, preserving its bioactivity during storage is a challenge. Therefore, this
study aimed to evaluate the effect of bovine lyophilized AM on full-thickness skin wound healing
in dogs, compared to that of fresh AM. Bovine AM was collected, lyophilized, and characterized by
quantifying growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast
growth factor (bFGF), as well as collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), elastin, and DNA. Additionally,
the surface morphology was imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of
conditioned media from fresh and lyophilized AM on fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation were
compared. In vivo, three full-thickness skin wounds were created on the back in twelve dogs and
treated with saline (control), fresh AM, or lyophilized AM, and monitored for healing over 1, 3, and 5
weeks. The fresh AM contained 57.3 ± 6.21 µg/mg collagen, 5.62 ± 1.1 µg/mg GAGs, 11.6 ± 4.52 µg/mg
elastin, and 46.3 ± 12.8 ng/mg DNA, with VEGF and bFGF levels of 5.43 ± 2.485 and 1.97 ± 0.482 ng/
mg, respectively. The lyophilized AM contained 217.74 ± 8.78 µg/mg collagen, 14.4 ± 1.56 µg/mg GAGs,
43.2 ± 6.8 µg/mg elastin, and 234.6 ± 21.5 ng/mg DNA, with VEGF and bFGF levels of 28.12 ± 7.6 and
13.3 ± 6.89 ng/mg, respectively. SEM revealed a monolayer with poorly defined borders in fresh AM,
whereas lyophilized AM displayed a well-defined apical border with few microvilli. Lyophilized AMconditioned media promoted greater endothelial cell and fibroblast proliferation. Compared with those
in the fresh AM and control groups, wounds treated with lyophilized AM healed faster, with narrower
edges and more pronounced re-epithelization and collagen remodeling at 1-, 3-, and 5-weeks postwounding. Histopathology revealed quicker granulation and inflammatory cell infiltration in the first
week for lyophilized AM, and better re-epithelization and collagen remodeling in subsequent stages. In
conclusion, the amniotic membrane, particularly in its lyophilized form, offers significant benefits for
skin wound healing due to its bioactivity, availability, and cost-effectiveness.
 

This study examines the development of the rabbit cerebellum from the 10th day postconception to full-term fetal age, with a particular focus on
the role of radial glial cells in the differentiation of cerebellar neurons. A total of 35 embryonic samples were meticulously dissected and
microscopically analyzed. On embryonic day (ED) 12, cerebellar primordia, consisting of the ventricular neuroepithelium and rhombic lip, were
observed. By ED16, significant neuronal cell proliferation and migration in both the radial and tangential directions were noted. On ED 20,
lamination processes began, forming the external granular layer (EGL) and Purkinje cell plate (PCP) with the support of radial glial cells. By ED
25, the cerebellar cortex had developed three distinct layers: the EGL, PCP, and the prospective molecular layer (PML), with radial glial cells
localized in the PCP. Differentiation continued, and upon ED30, a new cortical layer, the internal granular layer, was evident. Additionally, the
gradual replacement of nestin by glial fibrillary acidic protein marked the differentiation of radial glia into Bergmann glia at ED 25 and ED 30.
β-III tubulin, a marker of differentiated neurons, was detected in the inner layer of EGL and PCP during these stages. In conclusion, this study
highlights the pivotal role of radial glial cells in the layered organization and neuronal differentiation of the developing rabbit cerebellum. The
developmental trajectory observed provides valuable insights into cerebellar morphogenesis and supports the relevance of the rabbit model
for exploring neurodevelopmental processes
 

Background Disturbances in lipid metabolism are usually associated with hyperlipidemia, which is commonly
observed in donkeys with inappetence or anorexia. The diagnostic utility of ultrasound measurements of croup fat
thickness (CFT) and relative liver echogenicity for lipomobilization in donkeys with fasting-induced hyperlipidemia
was investigated. A prospective observational control study involving 25 donkeys was conducted, and the animals
were randomly assigned to a fasting group (FG, n = 20) and a control group (CG, n = 5). In the FG, the experiment
period (10 days) consisted of two stages, the fasting stage (4 days) and the post-fasting stage (6 days).
Results On six occasions, the following were evaluated: body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), ultrasound
subcutaneous CFT, ultrasound gluteal muscle thickness, liver ultrasonography, and blood metabolites. The ultrasound
CFT was significantly reduced at 4 days of fasting (P < 0.05). Donkeys with ≥ 7 mm of CFT before fasting were 6 times
more likely to develop hyperlipidemia post-fasting (P < 0.01). Hepatic ultrasonography showed no hepatomegaly.
Decrements of the portal vein (PV) diameter were noticed during fasting. The hepatic relative echogenicity (RE)
significantly increased after 4 days of fasting, and then decreased after fasting (P < 0.05). The RE of ≥ 78 is a critical
threshold for diagnosing hyperlipidemia (P < 0.001). The serum concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, very
low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins peaked at 4 days of fasting (P < 0.05).
The serum concentrations of FFA increased during fasting (P < 0.05) and then dropped after fasting.
Conclusion Fasting-induced hyperlipidemia is associated with reductions in CFT with concurrent increased RE,
suggesting lipomobilization. CFT and RE could be used as diagnostic tools for hyperlipidemia. Reversible variations
in serum metabolites could be noticed in donkeys as complications of fasting-induced hyperlipidemia; therefore,
therapy may be unnecessary especially in less severe cases.

Toxoplasmosis is a global zoonotic disease that poses a threat to both animal and human, therefore the present investigation's aims were to detect T. gondii antibodies and T. gondii DNA in sheep and goat milk samples, and the relationship between epidemiological aspects and T. gondii infection. The current study was carried out on lactating sheep and goats (50 of each) from farmers’ houses (El-Fateh and Abnoub) in Assiut Governorate. CMT was performed on milk samples to detect subclinical mastitis, while LAT and PCR were utilized to diagnose T. gondii. Among the 100 examined animals, 2 (2%) were classified as CMT (++), 9 (9%) as CMT (+), 13 (13%) as suspicious and 76 (76%) as negative. According to LAT, 26% (13/50) of sheep milk samples and 44% (22/50) of goat milk samples contained T. gondii antibodies. By using PCR, it was discovered that 86% (43/50) of dairy sheep and 94% (47/50) of dairy goats had T. gondii DNA in their milk. The T. gondii infection in PCR-examined dairy sheep varied significantly by location (P<0.01), but there was no discernible change based on age (P<0.05). The percentages of molecularly testing dairy goats infected with T. gondii did not significantly differ (P<0.05) based on their locality and age. In order to stop and limit the spread of toxoplasmosis in Assiut Governorate, surveillance and sufficient biosecurity measures must be implemented

A total of sixty commercial beef products, represented by minced meat, sausage, kofta, and burger, with fifteen samples per product, were collected randomly from different markets in Assiut city, Egypt. Samples were examined histologically, immunohistochemically and molecularly to investigate tissue composition and species substitution. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was applied to confirm the beef origin of different marketed beef products and determine if there are any adulteration and/ or contamination with rodents and canine species. The histological investigation finds significant differences in skeletal muscle content, with the highest proportion in minced meat, whereas the lowest detected in kofta. Several animal tissues were detected, including adipose tissue, collagen, cartilage, and bone, where kofta showed the highest levels. We also detected plant tissues, predominantly found in burger samples. Expression Bcl2 indicated the maximum intensity in sausage, while burger showed the lowest expression. PCR results revealed that 89.13% were pure beef products, 10.87% were with rat meat contamination, and 100% of examined samples were negative for canine species. These results highlight the efficacy of histology, Bcl2 immunohistochemistry and PCR in assessing meat quality and distinguishing adulteration.

The formation of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions is a significant challenge in veterinary practice worldwide. Thus, several attempts have been made to identify agents that prevent the occurrence of these postsurgical adhesions. However, finding an ideal and effective agent remains a challenge. Herein, we investigate the potential of tadalafil and tadalafil/cellulose composite as promising therapeutics for preventing postsurgical intra-abdominal adhesions. A cecal abrasion model was established in 30 rats, which either left untreated or treated with tadalafil, cellulose, or tadalafil/cellulose. After 2 weeks, the adhesion formation was evaluated based on gross appearance, oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, histopathological analysis, and immunohistochemical staining. Compared to the adhesion group, gross and histopathological findings revealed that both the tadalafil and cellulose groups significantly decreased adhesion formation, with better results observed after tadalafil treatment. Importantly the tadalafil/cellulose treatment completely prevented adhesion formation. Additionally, the treated groups showed reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while increasing the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) compared to the adhesion group. Furthermore, the treated groups reduced the expression of macrophage markers. These findings suggest that the intra-abdominal application of tadalafil and tadalafil/cellulose following abdominal surgery holds promise as a clinical strategy to prevent postsurgical intra-abdominal adhesions, with tadalafil/cellulose demonstrating superior efficacy.

Cold plasma-activated water (PAW) is a novel technology that was recently used in biomedical research; Despite its potential, PAW's safety remains inadequately assessed. The study explores the impact of PAW on behavioral responses and brain tissue histopathology in mice. Ten-week-old female albino mice were divided into three groups each containing 10 mice (5 replicates, 2 mice/cage) and received either distilled water (DW), or distilled water exposed to cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) for 3 min (PAW-3), or 15 min (PAW-15) by oral gavage in a dose of 200 μL/mice (3 times/week) for four weeks. PAW exhibited altered physicochemical properties compared to DW. Mice exposed to PAW demonstrated reduced burrowing activity, marble burying ability, and novel object recognition compared to controls, indicating potential neurobehavioral alterations. PAW-treated groups displayed notable histological …

Introduction: Ocular diseases pose a significant health
concern for donkeys. However, studies examining the microanatomy
and cell populations of the donkey retina are
scarce. The current study aimed to describe the vascular
pattern of the donkey retina and document its cellular
components. Methods: The donkey retina specimens were
obtained from different retinal regions and prepared for
semithin sectioning and immunohistochemistry. Results:
The donkey has a paurangiotic retina in which retinal vessels
are confined to a narrow area around the optic disc. Glial
cells coexist with the blood vessels being very numerous in
the vascular region and become scanty in the avascular
ones. S-100-positive astrocytes could be observed in these
avascular areas. Ganglion cells are organized in a single layer
with the least population existing in the peripheral retina.
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (AFGF) is immunoreactive in
amacrine and ganglion cells. A subpopulation of amacrine
cells reacted strongly to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and
others reacted positively to S-100 protein. Ganglion cell
nuclei exhibited a strong immunoreactivity to S-100 protein
as well. Furthermore, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is
used to identify Müller cells that extend their processes
across the retina from the inner to the outer limiting
membrane. Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings provide
novel insights into the normal retinal organization. The
donkey retina shows the characteristic expression of immunohistochemical
markers for the major cell types. In
addition, the distribution of glial cells is comparable between
the vascular and avascular regions.

The retina consists of various cell types arranged in eight cell layers and two membranes
that originate from the neuroectodermal cells. In this study, the timing of differentiation
and distribution of the cellular components and the layers of the rabbit
retina are investigated using light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical
techniques. There were 32 rabbit embryos and 12 rabbits used. The rabbit retina
begins its prenatal development on the 10th day of gestation in the form of optic
cup. The process of neuro- and gliogenesis occurs in several stages: In the first stage,
the ganglionic cells are differentiated at the 15th day. The second stage includes the
differentiation of Muller, amacrine, and cone cells on the 23rd day. The differentiation
of bipolar, horizontal, and rod cells and formation of the inner segments of the
photoreceptors consider the late stage that occurs by the 27th and 30th day of gestation.
On the first week of age postnatally, the outer segments of the photoreceptors
are developed. S100 protein is expressed by the Muller cells and its processes
that traverse the retina from the outer to the inner limiting membranes. Calretinin is
intensely labeled within the amacrine and displaced amacrine cells. Ganglionic cells
exhibited moderate immunoreactivity for calretinin confined to their cytoplasm and
dendrites. In conclusion, all stages of neuro- and gliogenesis of the rabbit retina occur
during the embryonic period. Then, the retina continues its development postnatally
by formation of the photoreceptor outer segments and all layers of the retina
become established.