Dynamic economical and industrial expansion lead to environmental contamination and pollution with increasing amounts of harmful agents. Recently, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) have received much attention due to their widespread occurrence, high levels of toxicity, and the significant threat these compounds pose to humans. In this study, we investigated renal toxicity of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and explained the role of pumpkin seed oil in modulating TCDD toxicity in the kidney of Wister albino rats. Thirty male and female Wister rats were divided into three isolated groups ten animal each. Group 1 (G1) served as normal control, group 2 (G2), rats were received single intraperitoneal dose of TCDD (2μg/kg b.w. dissolved in corn oil), while group 3 (G3), rats were treated with oral pumpkin seed oil (PO) (1.5 ml/kg b.w. day after day) after TCDD treatment (same as group II). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and kidney tissue samples for histological examination. our investigation revealed that, TCDD induced significant increase (P<0.01) in urea level and significant increase in creatinine level (P<0.05) in comparison to control group. TCDD treated rats showed series of renal histopathological alterations present mostly in renal vasculature associated with severe degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular epithelium. The previous mentioned lesions were reported much more prominent in renal medulla than in renal cortex. Interestingly, PO treated group showed significant increase (P<0.001) in urea level and significant decrease (P<0.05) in comparison with TCDD group. PO treatment ameliorates these biochemical and pathological changes in renal tissue. In conclusion, exposure to 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD led to serious toxic effects in renal tissue and treatment with PO could diminish this toxicity to an improved extend.

The prostate gland considers the most important gland among rabbits' accessory genital glands and secretes many factors essential for sperm function. This study aims to show the impact of Maca as an antioxidant on the prostate gland's histomorphology and its capacity to reduce the effects of oxidative stress. Twenty-four healthy New Zealand white male rabbits, 6-8 months divided into 4 groups.1st group (control group), 2nd group (Maca), 3rd group (H2O2), 4th group (Maca+ H2O2). To evaluate these effects we used histomorphometrical studies. In control and Maca groups, acini were lined by simple columnar epithelium and showed normal interstitium. However, in H2O2 treated rabbits, we observed cuboidal epithelium and epithelium height decreased significantly compared to other groups, and interstitium showed fibrosis. Also in H2O2 treated rabbits, we observed mild degenerative changes in the epithelial lining the acini, with karyolitic nucleus and vacuolated cytoplasm. In concern to acini length, we observed that the secretory units in Maca groups was overcrowd due to increasing acini length. However, in H2O2 exposed rabbits the diameter of the glandular portion and the length of the acini decreased significantly compared to other groups. Moreover in H2O2 treated rabbits we demonstrated other changes as congested and hyperemic blood vessels and muscular layer appeared disorganized and degenerated. In Maca+ H2O2 (H+M) treated rabbits the epithelium reverted to simple columnar and the secretory activity increased compared to H2O2 group. In conclusion, we can ensure the effect of Maca as an anti-oxidant and its ameliorative effect on oxidative stressed rabbits.

The prostate gland considers the most important gland among rabbits' accessory genital glands and secretes many factors essential for sperm function. This study aims to show the impact of Maca as an antioxidant on the prostate gland's histomorphology and its capacity to reduce the effects of oxidative stress. Twenty-four healthy New Zealand white male rabbits, 6-8 months divided into 4 groups.1st group (control group), 2nd group (Maca), 3rd group (H2O2), 4th group (Maca+ H2O2). To evaluate these effects we used histomorphometrical studies. In control and Maca groups, acini were lined by simple columnar epithelium and showed normal interstitium. However, in H2O2 treated rabbits, we observed cuboidal epithelium and epithelium height decreased significantly compared to other groups, and interstitium showed fibrosis. Also in H2O2 treated rabbits, we observed mild degenerative changes in the epithelial lining the acini, with karyolitic nucleus and vacuolated cytoplasm. In concern to acini length, we observed that the secretory units in Maca groups was overcrowd due to increasing acini length. However, in H2O2 exposed rabbits the diameter of the glandular portion and the length of the acini decreased significantly compared to other groups. Moreover in H2O2 treated rabbits we demonstrated other changes as congested and hyperemic blood vessels and muscular layer appeared disorganized and degenerated. In Maca+ H2O2 (H+M) treated rabbits the epithelium reverted to simple columnar and the secretory activity increased compared to H2O2 group. In conclusion, we can ensure the effect of Maca as an anti-oxidant and its ameliorative effect on oxidative stressed rabbits.

The bulbus arteriosus of goldfish, Carassius auratus, possesses unique structural features.
The wall of the bulbus arteriosus is exceptionally thick, with an inner surface characterized by
longitudinally arranged finger-like ridges, resulting in an uneven luminal appearance. These ridges
are covered by endocardium and encased in an amorphous extracellular matrix. The inner surface
of the bulbus arteriosus also contains rodlet cells at different developmental stages, often clustered
beneath the endothelium lining the bulbar lumen. Ruptured rodlet cells release their contents via
a holocrine secretion process. The high abundance of rodlet cells in the bulbus arteriosus suggests
that this is the site of origin for these cells. Within the middle layer of the bulbus arteriosus, smooth
muscle cells, branched telocytes (TCs), and collagen bundles coexist. TCs and their telopodes form
complex connections within a dense collagen matrix, extending to rodlet cells and macrophages.
Moreover, the endothelium makes direct contact with telopodes. The endocardial cells within the
bulbus arteriosus display irregular, stellate shapes and numerous cell processes that establish direct
contact with TCs. TEM reveals that they contain moderately dense bodies and membrane-bound
vacuoles, suggesting a secretory activity. TCs exhibit robust secretory activity, evident from their
telopodes containing numerous secretory vesicles. Furthermore, TCs release excretory vesicles
containing bioactive molecules into the extracellular matrix, which strengthens evidence for telocytes
as promising candidates for cellular therapies and regeneration in various heart pathologies.
 

Teleost fish exhibit the most pronounced and widespread adult neurogenesis.
Recently, functional development and the fate of newborn neurons have been
reported in the optic tectum (OT) of fish. To determine the role of neurogenesis in
the OT, this study used histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic
investigations on 18 adult Molly fish specimens (Poecilia sphenops). The OT of the
Molly fish was a bilateral lobed structure located in the dorsal part of the mesencephalon. It exhibited a laminated structure made up of alternating fiber and cellular layers,
which were organized into six main layers. The stratum opticum (SO) was supplied by
optic nerve fibers, in which the neuropil was the main component. Radial bipolar neurons that possessed bundles of microtubules were observed in the stratum fibrosum
et griseum superficiale (SFGS). Furthermore, oligodendrocytes with their processes
wrapped around the nerve fibers could be observed. The stratum album centrale
(SAC) consisted mainly of the axons of the stratum griseum centrale (SGC) and the
large tectal, pyriform, and horizontal neurons. The neuronal cells of the SO and large
tectal cells of the SAC expressed autophagy-related protein-5 (APG5). Interleukin-1β
(IL-1β) was expressed in both neurons and glia cells of SGC. Additionally, inducible
nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was expressed in the neuropil of the SAC synaptic layer
and granule cells of the stratum periventriculare (SPV). Also, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), and myostatin were clearly
expressed in the proliferative neurons. In all strata, S100 protein and Oligodendrocyte
Lineage Transcription Factor 2 (Olig2) were expressed by microglia, oligodendrocytes,
and astrocytes. In conclusion, it was possible to identify different varieties of neurons
in the optic tectum, each with a distinct role. The existence of astrocytes, proliferative
neurons, and stem cells highlights the regenerative capacity of OT.