This study analyzes dynamic changes in fossil energy input, energy output and fossil energy use efficiency in crop production in Hunan province, China, from 2010 to 2019 to determine the factors contributing to fossil energy use efficiency in crop production. The results showed that energy input decreased from 19.98 to 18.13 GJ ha-1 from 2010 to 2019, whereas energy output increased from 64.57 to 69.57 GJ ha-1. Energy use efficiency was estimated at 3.23 in 2010 and increased to 3.84 in 2019. The application of fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorus) and pesticides was decreased, while the application of compound fertilizers was increased from 1.00 to 1.43 GJ ha-1 with a steady energy input during the study period. The yield of advantageous industry crops in Hunan province (cereals, oil-bearing crops, vegetables and fruits) was increased, while other crops (fiber crops, beans, sugarcane, tubers, tobacco and cotton) showed an indiscernible pattern. Our results indicate that developing countries need to promote the production and application of compound fertilizers to reduce energy input, develop competitive industries to increase energy output, adopt policies to optimize crop production structure and establish sustainable agricultural production systems.