Invasion of insects to crops and plants causes serious economic loss. The first thinking by farmers is using chemical insecticides to protect the crops. A chemical insecticide is also defined as a chemical substance that is treated singly or mixed with other substances for the purpose of killing, preventing, removing, or reducing pest damage in the field of control. A successful pesticide must have several conditions, such as the effectiveness against the target pest, ease of use, economical, its residues are within safe limits, do not affect human health and beneficial organisms, and have no damage to the soil and beneficial organisms present in it. Pesticides are divided according to the type of pest, chemical composition, nature of the preparation, method of use, method of entry of the pesticide into the body of the insect, and method of effect of the pesticide. The continual dumping of these toxic substances into the environment is among the most troubling effects of anthropogenic activity. Such pollutant residue release affects the natural environment, which has an impact on all the ecological and physiological processes of life forms. Also, the human immunological system, cardiovascular system, reproductive system, and nervous system can all be affected by these pollutants. Microorganisms are ecofriendly, effective, and cheap strategy for pollutant removal. Special microorganisms have the ability to degrade pesticide residues to nontoxic forms. In this chapter, the insecticide bioremediation strategies by different microorganisms, mechanisms, and factors controlling the degradation process will be discussed.

At the current model, MHD natural convection has been numerically inspected around five circular thermal gates subjected to the non-Fourier heat flux. Streamlines experience many twists due to the addressed heat sources. In other words, streamline vortices appear as agitated groups through the cavity. When the frequency of the wavy sides increases, streamlines heaviness disperses widely, and the convection is enforced. Besides, given that there is no leading line for the force’s action, the buoyancy force style exhibits peculiar behavior. Particularly, the convection regime is greatly supported by the heat generation parameter. In addition, the hybrid nanofluid provides a good chemical inertness for the electrical and thermal conductivity as to the molecular structure of the fluid particle. On the other hand, by lowering the heat exchange rate regardless of fluid flow behavior, the local thermal non-equilibrium condition …

Recently, investigators focused on examining the melting of phase change materials (PCM) in regular two-dimensional or three-dimensional flow domains. At the same time, this topic still needs more study to get a better understanding of it. Also, such problems should be reported using the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model because the latent heat substances and the included porous elements have different temperatures. Therefore, this study examines the three-dimensional flow and melting process of phase change materials (PCM) within cubic enclosures filled with copper foam, using a local thermal non-equilibrium model (LTNE). The system includes two isothermal cylinders with different temperature conditions, varying distances, and radii, placed within the flow domain. The enthalpy-porosity approach is applied to model the PCM behavior, while the Brinkman-extended non-Darcy model accounts for …

In this study, the flow and heat transfer components of convection are numerically investigated in a hybrid nanofluid-filled, porous-medium enclosure with wavy walls. The flow is considered to be buoyancy-driven under a constant inclined magnetic field and heat radiation (Rd). The cavity is partially heated from its left wall and is cooled by its wave-like right wall while the other walls are adiabatic. To express the results, streamlines, isothermal, and the Nu are used. Analysis is done to determine how heat transfer is affected by thermal radiation (Rd), the Hartmann number Ha, the inclined magnetic field, the left heater’s dimensionless location (D), the heat source’s dimensionless length (B), and the hybrid nanofluid’s volume fraction. The average Nusselt number is increased when the volume friction of hybrid nanofluids increases. Additionally, as the dimensionless heat source length B rises, the rate of heat …

The current article investigates the convective transport of a micropolar nanofluid (CuO–H₂O) due to a sharp protruding isothermal heater within a trapezoidal enclosure full of porous elements utilizing a local thermal non-equilibrium state (LTNEM). A low temperature condition is imposed to the titled walls of the trapezoidal while three cases of a heated mode are considered based on the perimeter of the inner triangle. With the technique of the non-orthogonal grid, the control volume method is applied to treat the governing system of equations. Simulations are performed for various ranges of the Nield number, thermal conductivity ratio, the titled angle of the side walls of the trapezoidal, the aspect ratio and the vortex viscosity parameter. The outputs revealed that when the aspect ratio is growing from 0.3 to 1, there are an enhancement in the activity of the flow by 50% is given. Also, the heat conduction mode …

Thisstudynumericallyinvestigatesinclinedmagneto-hydrodynamicnaturalconvectioninaporouscavityfilledwithnanofluid containinggyrotacticmicroorganisms.Thegoverningequationsarenondimensionalizedandsolvedusingthefinitevolume method. The simulations examine the impact of keyparameters suchas heat source lengthandposition, Peclet number, porosity,andheatgeneration/absorptiononflowpatterns, temperaturedistribution,concentrationprofiles,andmicroorganism rotation.Resultsindicatethatextendingtheheatsourcelengthenhancesconvectivecurrentsandheattransferefficiency,while optimizing the heat sourceposition reduces entropygeneration.Higher Peclet numbers amplify convective currents and microorganismdistribution complexity.Variations inporosityandheat generation/absorption significantly influence flow dynamics. Additionally, the artificial neural networkmodel reliably predicts themeanNusselt andSherwood numbers ( ) Nu Sh & ,demonstratingitseffectiveness for suchanalyses.Thesimulationresults reveal that increasingtheheat source lengthsignificantlyenhancesheat transfer, asevidencedbya15%increaseinthemeanNusseltnumber.