An outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) was recorded during the period of 2018 in the study area. Tissue samples from skin nodules were surgically collected from diseased animals (N= 23) for molecular identification of the causative virus by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers designated from G protein coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene. All the skin samples were found to be positive for lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) as they gave the expected amplicon size at 554 bp. Sequencing analysis of the obtained amplified segment disclosed that the present outbreak virus has a very high identity percentage> 99-100% with virulent LSDV either that’s isolated from Egypt or different foreign countries, while the percent of identity were 95.62% with the vaccinal strains of LSDV. Multiple alignment and Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequence manifesting that members of capripoxviruses could be segregated in different groups and the present outbreak strain grouped within the LSDV virulent strains clust

The intestinal bulb is a simple dilatation in the anterior part of the intestine of agastric fish. This study was conducted on 18 adult specimens
of molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) and demonstrated the presence of an intestinal bulb. The intestinal epithelium was composed of enterocytes
covered with microvilli, many mucous goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Numerous intraepithelial lymphocytes, neutrophils,
plasma cells, dendritic cells, stem cells, rodlet cells, and macrophages were identified in the epithelial layer. Interestingly, this study recorded
the process of autophagy and formation of autophagosomes, multivesicular bodies, and dense bodies. The intestinal epithelium extended
into the intestinal gland that consisted of simple columnar epithelium, mucous cells, stem cells, enteroendocrine cells, and basal cells. These
glands opened to the lumen of the bulb and were surrounded by a network of telocytes. Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed that the
intestinal epithelium expressed APG5, myostatin, TGF-β, IL-1β, NF-κB, Nrf2, and SOX9. Leukocytes in the lamina propria-submucosa
expressed APG5. The inflammatory cells in the connective tissue showed strong immunoreactivity to myostatin and TGF-β. The smooth
muscular layer also expressed myostatin. Both IL-1β and NF-κB showed immunoreactivity in macrophages in the lamina propria-submucosa.
Stem cells expressed Sox-9 and telocytes expressed NF-κB and SOX9; while astrocytes in the tunica muscularis expressed GFAP. The
high frequency of immune cells in the intestinal bulb suggested an immune role of this organ. This is the first study demonstrating the
absence of the stomach and its replacement with an intestinal bulb in molly fish, and consequently, this species could be reclassified as
agastric fish according to this study.

Healthy eyes with good vision were important to any animal, to safely exist in their environments, for quality of life, and to successfully compete for food. The aim of present study was to set normal values for biometric
intraocular dimensions in healthy mules for the right and left eyes in males and females. The study was conducted on clinically healthy mules (n=40) which were classified into two groups; male (n=20) and female mules (n=20). Complete clinical examination and ultrasonographic characterization of ocular structures were carried out for all clinically healthy mules. Biometric intraocular dimensions of the right eye and the left eye included anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial globe length (AGL), central lens thickness (CLT), lens pole diameter (LPD) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD), were described using ocular ultrasonography. It also showed normal intraocular structures of the right eye and the left eye that included, anterior chamber (AC), cornea (C), iris (I), lens (L), optic disk (OD), optic nerve (ON), retinochoroid unit (RCU), retrobulbar fat (RF), retrobulbar muscles (RM) and vitreous body (VB). Ocular ultrasonography reported no significant variations for biometric intraocular dimensions of the eye between male and female mules as well as between right and left eyes either in male mules or in female mules. The study reported normal values for ultrasonographic biometric
intraocular dimensions of the right and left eyes in clinically healthy male and female mules.

Respiratory diseases of cattle represented the most important health and economic problems of cattle rearing. It was possible to diagnose ultrasonographically bronchopneumonia, consolidation, pulmonary emphysema, pleural effusion and pleuritis. The study aimed to correlate between the changes in clinical findings and laboratory
assays mainly haematological pictures and serum acute phase proteins (APPs) i.e. haptoglobin, and the characteristic ultrasonographic findings in bovine respiratory diseases and their importance in differentiation between upper respiratory diseases and lower respiratory diseases in cattle. A total number of 84 cattle were included
in the study and divided into 3 groups: healthy control group (n=15), upper respiratory diseased group [URG] (n=29) and lower respiratory diseased group [LRG] (n=40). The animals were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Assiut University-Egypt with a history of anorexia, respiratory distress, nasal discharge, cough and/or abnormal lung sounds. These animals were undergoing clinical and ultrasonographic examinations
as well as laboratory analyses. Regarding to the ultrasonographic findings, the diseased cases were classified into URG and LRG. Ultrasonography differentiated many of the affections such as bronchopneumonia
(n=16), Lung consolidation (n=12), pulmonary emphysema (n=8), and pleuritis and pleural effusion (n=4). Neutrophilic leukocytosis was reported in URG and LRG. The biochemical assays revealed significant elevation in serum levels of haptoglobin, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein in URG and LRG. Serum albumins were remarkably (P<0.05) decreased
in URG. The study concluded that thoracic ultrasonography considered a diagnostic tool in cows with respiratory diseases because it determined the location and extent of the lung lesions as well as the severity of the affection. APPs and lipid profile used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of bovine respiratory diseases.

In fish, the spleen is the prime secondary lymphoid organ. It has a role in the induction of
adaptive immune responses, in addition to its significance in the elimination of immune complexes.
This study was conducted on 18 randomly obtained adult molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) of both
sexes using histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies to highlight the cellular
components of the spleen and their potential role in the immune system. The spleen of molly fish was
characterized by the presence of well-distinct melanomacrophage centers, and other basic structures
present in higher vertebrates including red and white pulps, blood vessels, and ellipsoids. Some
mitotic cells could also be identified in the red pulp. Mast cells with characteristic metachromatic
granules could be seen among the splenic cells. Rodlet cells were randomly distributed in the spleen
and were also observed around the ellipsoids. The white pulp of the spleen expressed APG5. The
expressions were well distinct in the melanomacrophages, leukocytes, and macrophages. Myostatin
was expressed in leukocytes and epithelial reticular cells. IL-1 showed immunoreactivity in monocytes
and macrophages around the ellipsoids. NF-B and TGF- were expressed in macrophages
and epithelial reticular cells. Nrf2 expression was detected in stem cells and rodlet cells. Sox-9 had a
higher expression in epithelial reticular cells and stem cells. The high frequency of immune cells in
the spleen confirmed its role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity, cell proliferation,
and apoptosis.

This study aimed to detection of the efficacy of some drugs used in the field for treatment of liver fluke infection in the cattle (Bos taurus) in Egypt. Treatment trials used for three groups of naturally infected animals (positive by coprological examination) with some anthelmintic drugs differ in their chemical groups (Ivomec super, Rafoxanide, and Triclabendazole) divided into three groups 10 animals in each one. The dose was repeated twice with 3 weeks in between. Animals were examined clinically and laboratory; also fecal samples were collected and examined microscopically each time for follow-up. Egg counting using (Modified Stoll's dilution technique) was done 3 times in each group (day 1, after 3 weeks post-treatment, 6 weeks post-treatment). The efficacy of the drug is measured by improved clinical state or reduction/ disappearance of Fasciola egg count. In group I (treated by Ivomec super): Egg per gram (EPG) before treatment was 800 egg/ gram and after treatment was 1280 egg/gram, Egg reduction rate (ERR) of Ivomec super was %-60. In group II (treated by Triclabendazole): EPG before treatment was 500 egg/ gram and after treatment was 80 egg/ gram, ERR of Triclabendazole was 84%. In group III (treated by Rafoxanide): EPG before treatment was 480 egg/ gram and after treatment was 160 egg/ gram, ERR of Rafoxanide was 66.6%. The anthelmintic drug wasn’t effective in the treatment of Fascioliasis as no progress in the clinical status of the infected animals and the ERR was less than 90%. Our study concluded that the ERR (egg reduction rate) of used anthelmintic drugs (Ivomec super, Triclabendazole, Rafoxanide) was less than the lower limit of the effective fasciolicides drug and the drugs wasn’t effective in treatment of fascioliasis

The present study was performed in Dammam city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia within the period from July 2019 to June 2020 to associate the epidemiological prevalence of trichostrongyle infection in sheep in different age groups, sex and seasons. A total of 400 sheep were examined randomly from different private farms, and faecal examination through direct smear and flotation techniques were done to determine the presence of the eggs. Out of these, 104 animals were infected with strongyle eggs with (26%) prevalence. Sex, season, and age were the factors that affect the prevalence of trichostrongyle infection in this study. Data analysis reported that there was a significant effect for the season and sex on the trichostrongyle infection level; the highest nematode infection level was observed in the cold months (December-April) with a prevalence of 36.44% and lowest prevalence (15.17%) in hot months (MaySeptember) (P0.05. The current study demonstrated that the trichostrongyle prevalence was low in such a dry weather area, with sustainable control programs. Risk factors of age, season, and sex were considered as factors influencing nematodes prevalence. These findings should contribute to advising appropriate control programs.

Neonatal diarrhea is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in calves, and Rotavirus is the main viral etiology. Rotavirus vaccines are one of the main important methods for control of diarrhea in neonates’ calves. In the current study, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Bovine Rotavirus Group a (BRVA) were performed in our study. 1 Calf guard® vaccine genotype (G6P1) and 5 different field genotypes (2 G6P5, 1 G10P5, G10P? and 1 G10P11) were subjected to DNA sequencing. We observed that at the nucleotide level, G10P5 and G10P? Sequences were 100 % identical with each other, two G6P5 sequences were 100% identical with each other and there was no significant similarity between sequences of G10P11 with sequences of G6P5, G10P5, and G10P? The phylogenetic analysis of G10P5 and G10P? Isolates showed a close cluster with G10 isolates of Sharkia governorate, Egypt, phylogenetic analysis of two G6P5 and one G10P11 isolate showed a close cluster with the VP4 gene of Rotavirus isolates of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Molecular comparison between detected and typed Rotaviruses’ genotypes with other genotypes of common vaccines indicated that there were genetically close or distance between field and vaccine Rotavirus strains. Our results can be concluded as the following, Molecular comparison between detected and typed Rotaviruses’ genotypes with other genotypes of common vaccines indicated that there was genetically close or distance between field and vaccinal Rotavirus strains. Also, we suggest that Rotavac vaccine containing G6P5 Rotavirus strain and Scour guard vaccine containing can be used in Assiut governorate due to circulating of G6P5 and G10P11 strains of Rotavirus

Prolapsed nictitans gland is a common affection in dogs. Several treatment options have been suggested such as removal of the prolapsed nictitans gland, excision of the third eyelid, or repositioning of the gland. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was reported to occur after excision of the prolapsed gland or the third eyelid, while recurrence is commonly associated with repositioning surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of excisions of the nictitans gland or third eyelid on ocular surface integrity, pH, and tear production. Nictitans gland or third eyelid were excised surgically from healthy eyes in dogs. Corneal integrity, pH, and tear amount were examined for 7 months. Histological examination was performed after 7 months of surgery. Fluorescein staining was negative at the different time points in both groups. No significant change was observed in pH after excision of the third eyelid. In contrast, pH was significantly decreased after 2 weeks of removal of the nictitans gland. Tear amount was significantly declined 2 and 3 weeks after excision of the third eyelid and 3 weeks after excision of nictitans gland. The histological examination of different regions including, eyelids, cornea and conjunctiva in both groups compared to control revealed that all parts were completely normal. However, closer to the site of the third eyelid operation severe desquamation of epithelium and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed. In conclusion, neither excisions of the third eyelid nor the nictitans gland induce the development of KCS or affect the ocular surface integrity.