Neonatal diarrhea is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in calves, and Rotavirus is the main viral etiology.
Rotavirus vaccines are one of the main important methods for control of diarrhea in neonates’ calves. In the current
study, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Bovine Rotavirus Group a (BRVA)
were performed in our study. 1 Calf guard® vaccine genotype (G6P1) and 5 different field genotypes (2 G6P5, 1
G10P5, G10P? and 1 G10P11) were subjected to DNA sequencing. We observed that at the nucleotide level, G10P5
and G10P? Sequences were 100 % identical with each other, two G6P5 sequences were 100% identical with each
other and there was no significant similarity between sequences of G10P11 with sequences of G6P5, G10P5, and
G10P? The phylogenetic analysis of G10P5 and G10P? Isolates showed a close cluster with G10 isolates of Sharkia
governorate, Egypt, phylogenetic analysis of two G6P5 and one G10P11 isolate showed a close cluster with the VP4
gene of Rotavirus isolates of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Molecular comparison between detected and typed Rotaviruses’
genotypes with other genotypes of common vaccines indicated that there were genetically close or distance
between field and vaccine Rotavirus strains. Our results can be concluded as the following, Molecular comparison
between detected and typed Rotaviruses’ genotypes with other genotypes of common vaccines indicated that there
was genetically close or distance between field and vaccinal Rotavirus strains. Also, we suggest that Rotavac vaccine
containing G6P5 Rotavirus strain and Scour guard vaccine containing can be used in Assiut governorate due to circulating
of G6P5 and G10P11 strains of Rotavirus in Assiut.

Milk species adulteration has become an altering issue worldwide. In this study, a robust quantification method based on LC-HRMS for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of milk type from eight different animal species (namely: cow, water buffalo, wild yak, goat, sheep, donkey, horse, and camel) was established by detecting nine signature peptides originating from casein. The developed method was in-house validated in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. As a result, limits of quantification (LOQ) were ranging from 5 to 30 µg/L, recoveries ranged from 95.2% to 104.5%, and intra-day and inter-day variability were lower than 11.4% and 12.6%, respectively, for all the targeted peptides. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to 46 commercial minor species’ milk, in which 15 samples were false labeling. The obtained results indicate the necessity to monitor milk species adulteration in order to protect consumers from consuming misleading labeled minor species animal’s milk.

Three different types of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and
Streptococcus thermophilus S3855)
were used to manufacture white soft cheese. The resultant white
soft cheeses were pickled for 28 days at refrigerator temperatures and were fed to the experimental
rats. The chemical and microbiological analyses of white soft cheese were conducted at different
storage periods (fresh, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days). The pH values and protein content of
white soft cheese gradually decreased during the storage peroid. Conversely, the moisture content,
titratable acidity, and fat/DM % of white soft cheese were found to increase with of the increase in
pickling periods of up to 28 days. Microbiologically, the total viable count of bacteria in the control
samples was lower than that in the other treatments. Furthermore, the treatments containing the
L. helveticus and L. rhamnosus strains had the highest lactoacilli counts whereas the treatment
containing the S. thermophilus strain had the highest streptococci counts. Twenty-five male Albino
rats were used for experiemntal technique. Rats were fed with 70% basal diet with addition of
30% white soft cheese. Several pathological findings were present in all experimental groups apart
from the control rats, and the kidney samples exhibited renal vascular congestion especially in the
cortical area. The changes of the glomeruli comprise atrophy, distortion, hypocellularity of the
glomerular tuft, and focal lymphoid cell reactions. The renal tubular epithelium showed a series of
degenerative changes ranging up to necrosis. The liver samples showed variable hepatic injury in the
form of thickening in the Glisson capsule, as well as dissociation and disorganization of hepatic cords.
Hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration, presence of focal areas of nodular hyperplasia, the hyperplastic
cells mixed with lymphocytic infiltration, congestion in the portal vein, periportal fibrosis and
edema with the presence of newly formed nonfunctional bile ductulus. Based on the histopathology
scores, the severity of renal and hepatic changes was significantly increased (P . 0.05) in all of
the experimental groups compared with the control group. Generally, the chemical composition,
microbiological analysis and vital organs were significantly affected by using cultured white soft
cheese.

A characteristic subset of microglia expressing CD11c appears in response to brain
damage. However, the functional role of CD11c+ microglia, as well as the mechanism of its
induction, are poorly understood. Here we report that the genetic ablation of signal regulatory
protein a (SIRPa), a membrane protein, induced the emergence of CD11c+ microglia in the brain
white matter. Mice lacking CD47, a physiological ligand of SIRPa, and microglia-specific SIRPa-
knockout mice exhibited the same phenotype, suggesting that an interaction between microglial
SIRPa and CD47 on neighbouring cells suppressed the emergence of CD11c+ microglia. A lack of
SIRPa did not cause detectable damage to the white matter, but resulted in the increased
expression of genes whose expression is characteristic of the repair phase after demyelination. In
addition, cuprizone-induced demyelination was alleviated by the microglia-specific ablation of
SIRPa. Thus, microglial SIRPa suppresses the induction of CD11c+ microglia that have the potential
to accelerate the repair of damaged white matter.

Urodynamic studies in rats and mice are broadly used to examine pathomechnisms of disease and identify and test therapeutic targets. This review aims to highlight the effects of the anesthetics on the lower urinary tract function and seeks to identify protocols that allow recovery from anesthesia and repeated measurements while preserving the function which is being studied. All studies published in English language, which compared the data obtained under various types of anesthesia and the urodynamics performed in awake animals were included. It appears that urethane, an anesthetic recommended extensively for the investigation of lower urinary tract function, is appropriate for acute urodynamic studies only. Major advantages of urethane are its stability and ability to preserve the micturition reflex. Due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity, urethane anesthesia should not be used for recovery procedures. This review evaluated available alternatives including propofol, isoflurane and combinations of urethane, ketamine/xylazine, ketamine/medetomidine, and/or fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam. Different effects have been demonstrated among these drugs on the urinary bladder, the urethral sphincter, as well as on their neuroregulation. The lowest incidence of adverse effects was observed with the use of a combination of ketamine and xylazine. Although the variations in the reviewed study protocols represent a limitation, we believe that this summary will help in standardizing and optimizing future experiments.