Trichinellosis  is  a  serious  worldwide  parasitic  zoonosis. The  available  therapy  for  the  treatment  of
Trichinella spiralisis not satisfactory. Therefore, the recovery of effective treatment is required. This work aimed at
evaluating of the in vitro effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on muscle larvae of Trichinella. The present study
investigated the larvicidal properties of chemical and myrrh AgNPs on muscle larvae (ML) of T. spiralis. The used
AgNPs were chemically prepared using NaBH4
as reducing agentand biosynthesized using methanolic myrrh extract.
Characterization  of  synthesized  AgNPs  was  monitored  via UV-vis  spectrophotometry,  Fourier  transform  infrared
spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The ML incubated with AgNPs at concentrations
ranged from 1 μg/ml to 20 μg/ml. Chemical and biosynthesized AgNPs revealed marked larvicidal effect against ML of
Trichinella. Additionally, this in vitro study showed degenerative changes affecting the cuticle of AgNPs treated ML.
The  effectiveness  of AgNPs  on  the  infectivity  of TrichinellaML  was  also  assessed.  The  results  showed  complete
inhibition of the infectivity of ML exposed to sublethal doses of chemical and myrrh prepared AgNPs when used to
infect animal models. This is the first report where myrrh synthesized AgNPs have been tested for their anthelminthic
activity against Trichinellain an in vitromodel.
Keywords: Trichinella spiralis, muscular larvae, silver nanoparticles, infectivity, viability

Avian coccidiosis remains one of the major parasitic diseases that threaten the global
poultry industry. Since prevention is superior to treatment, this study focuses on eliminating the
infection outside the host. To determine their effect on the viability of Eimeria tenella oocysts in vitro,
allicin and alcoholic garlic extract, which are natural, less toxic, and inexpensive products, were
compared to KOH 5% (chemical disinfectant) using an in vitro culture system. Three concentrations
of allicin (45, 90, and 180 mg/mL) and alcoholic garlic extract (90, 180, and 360 mg/mL, were used.
Subsequently, destructive and sporulation-inhibiting effects on Eimeria oocysts were detected using
light and electron microscopy. Young chickens were infected with treated sporulated oocysts to
determine their effect on infectivity. After 7 days pi, the percentage of excreted oocysts (oocyst
shedding) was determined, and the chickens were slaughtered for histopathological examination of
the cecal tissues. Under an electron microscope, allicin at a concentration of 180 mg/mL and alcoholic
garlic extract at a concentration of 360 mg/mL demonstrate a high oocysticidal activity with severe
destruction of the oocyst wall and the appearance of pores. In addition, both concentrations directly
affected the infectivity of sporulated oocysts by reducing the shedding of oocysts and the pathological
lesions of infected young chickens. We concluded that the ability of Allicin and alcoholic garlic extract
to eliminate Eimeria oocysts makes them superior to chemical disinfectants as a disinfectant.

Fish are a source of high-quality protein with low cholesterol, but they are susceptible to parasitic infections, which have a significant impact on aquaculture, in addition to their zoonotic potential. The present study estimated parasitic infections and evaluated the diversity of zoonotic parasites in freshwater Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. A total of 300 samples were randomly collected from the Assiut Governorate. These fish were examined for both ectoparasites and endoparasites, followed by the experimental infection of mice with encysted metacercariae (EMC) for the retrieval of the adult worms. The overall prevalence of the variable parasites was 82% (246 of 300). Both ecto- and endoparasites were detected in 41% (123 of 300) of the examined fish. The identified ectoparasites were Gyrodactylus, Dactylogrus, Cichlidogyrus, Trichodina and Icthyophthirius multifiliis, in 5%, 4%, 22%, 6% and 4% of the fish, respectively. The endoparasites were trematodes (Orientocreadium batrachoides 3%), nematodes (Contracaecum. 2%), acanthocephala (Acanthosentis tilapiae 25%) and protozoa that included Isospora and Eimeria spp., in 1% and 8% of fish, respectively. Myxobolus was detected in 2% of the examined fish. The overall prevalence of encysted metacercariae (EMC) was 95% (285 of 300), while infection with macroscopic EMC had a prevalence of 37% and microscopic EMC had a prevalence of 58%. The adult worms recovered from  the experimental infections were Prohemistomum vivax and Mesostephanus spp., which belong to the family Cyathocotylidae. Collectively, these findings reflect the relatively high occurrence of parasites among the studied fish, confirming the necessity of strict measures to control infection.

The lung of birds is the most complex and efficient gas exchanger in the air‐breathing vertebrates. A total number of 27 normal Japanese quail embryos during the pre‐hatching period were used. The current work aimed to investigate the histomorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural changes of the lung at different stages of development using light and electron microscopy. The results showed that the respiratory primordium was observed on the 2nd embryonic day (ED) as a ventral out‐pouching of the primitive foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme. The first evidence of the lung buds appeared on the 3rd ED. On the 4th ED, the buds increased in size. In addition, the secondary bronchi budded from the epithelial lining of the primary bronchus into the surrounding mesenchyme. On the 6th ED, the number of the secondary bronchi increased and began to give rise small tubules (parabronchi). On the 7th …

Various biomaterials have been evaluated to enhance bone formation in critical-sized bone defects; however, the ideal scaffold is still missing. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo regenerative capacity of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and graphene oxide (GO) nanomaterials to stimulate critical-sized bone defect regeneration. The in vitro cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility of g-C₃N₄ and GO were evaluated, and their potential to induce the in vitro osteogenesis of human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells was assessed using qPCR. Then, bone defect in femoral condyles was created in rabbits and left empty as control or filled with either g-C₃N₄ or GO. The osteogenesis of the different implanted scaffolds was evaluated after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of surgery using X-ray, computed tomography (CT), macro/microscopic examinations, and qPCR analysis of osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OP) expressions. Both materials displayed good cell viability and hemocompatibility with enhanced collagen type-I (Col-I), OC, and OP expressions of the hFOB cells. Compared to the control group, the bone healing process in g-C₃N₄ and GO groups was promoted in vivo. Moreover, complete healing of the bone defect was observed radiologically and grossly in g-C₃N₄ implanted group. Additionally, g-C3N4 implanted group showed higher percentages of osteoid tissue, mature collagen, biodegradation, and expressions of OC and OP. In conclusion, our results revealed that g-C₃N₄ and GO nanomaterials could induce osteogenesis in critical-sized bone defects.

The vagina is part of the genitalia and constitutes part of the birth canal. Sperm
is deposited into vagina, and it acts in transport of sperm. Pregnancy is a complex
process involving different physiological changes in the body associated
with hormonal and metabolic alterations that control maternal and fetal
demands. During pregnancy, neuroendocrine cells in rabbit vagina are considered
part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system observed throughout the body.
Giant neuroendocrine cells in rabbit vagina during pregnancy have not been
observed previously. This study detected the presence of giant neuroendocrine
cells in the vagina of the pregnant rabbit. The presence of these cells was demonstrated
with the use of different histological techniques, including hematoxylin
and eosin, PAS, combined Alcian blue-PAS, Crossmon's trichrome, and the
Grimelius silver method. Giant neuroendocrine cells were observed in latepregnancy
intraepithelial sites and on the lamina propria. These cells were characterized
by vacuolated basophilic cytoplasm with PAS- and PAS-AB-positive
granules. Moreover, neuroendocrine cells exhibited an argyrophilic character.
Immunohistochemically, neuroendocrine cells in rabbit vagina during pregnancy
demonstrated positive immunoreactivity to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) with
different intensities, mild immunoreactivity to the vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF), and negative immunoreactivity to CD68