The present study was conducted to assess the quality of imported frozen liver sold in Assiut markets, Egypt. A total of 100 samples were randomly collected over a 2 months period (January to March, 2020) from poultry slaughter shops, supermarkets and frozen meat markets. The liver samples were evaluated for chemical indicators of spoilage (pH, TVBN "Total Volatile base nitrogen", and TBA "Thiobarbituric acid") and some of the nutritional aspects (percentage of moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrates, as well as, gross energy (Kcal/100g) and cholesterol content (mg/100g), beside levels of iron (mg/100g). The obtained mean values of pH, TVBN (mg/100 g) and TBA (mg/kg) of the examined samples were 6.38 ± 0.01, 25.76 ± 0.44, and 0.65 ± 0.03, respectively. Of the examined samples, 92 % showed pH value exceeded the permissible limits of Egyptian standards; however, 88 % showed TVBN content within the set limit. The mean values of moisture, protein, fat, ash and carbohydrates (%) were 70.54 ± 0.11, 21.64 ± 0.08, 3.58± 0.12, 1.50 ± 0.018, and 2.74 ± 0.11, respectively. The calculated gross energy mean value was of 133.09 ± 1.06 Kcal/100 g. Additionally, the cholesterol and iron content mean values were 130.85 ± 2.17 mg/100 g and 16.07 ± 0.24 mg/100 g, respectively in the examined imported frozen liver samples. In conclusion, imported frozen liver sold in markets of Assiut city Egypt is of fair quality; it should be consumed sporadically and with care of TBARS, cholesterol and iron potential hazards.
 

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil (LEO) and concentrations (1 and 1.5 %) of its nanoemulsion (LGNE) were included in beef burger formula to investigate their effect on shelf life, microbial, chemical indices, and technological properties. The product was frozen at -18±3ºC and examined at intervals (0, 48hrs, 4 weeks, then at a month interval for up to 4 months). GC analysis of LEO revealed that citric acid, verbenol, β-pinene, á-Myrcene and ethyl acetate formulate preponderance of the oil. FTIR, PDI, TEM and cytotoxicity were used for nanoemulsion characterization. The sensory attributes study disclosed that the raw oil drastically impacted the sensory criteria “colour and odour”; though samples with LGNE showed better acceptability. Samples with LEO showed the lowest TBC (P<0.05). Both LEO and LGNE showed great antibacterial effect against TCC. TYMC exhibited a numeral decrease in the count (P>0.05) except for the second month of storage (P<0.05). LGNE showed significant antioxidant efficacy nevertheless LEO samples showed higher TBARs values. TVBN was significant lower in LGNE samples especially in the last 2 months of storage. LGNE controlled the increase in samples pH compared to the control (P<0.05). WHC and cooking yield % showed improvement in the treatment’s samples. As well, diameter loss showed numeral decrease in treatments (P>0.05). In conclusion, LGNE generally improves the sensory and cooking properties of burger, over the LGO or the control samples.

Ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus annulatus, pose significant threats to livestock, causing economic losses and
transmitting various infectious diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the potential acaricidal properties of garlic
oil and its nanoemulsion against ticks infesting cattle, Rhipicephalus annulatus through the evaluation of mortality
rate and morphological changes of the treated ticks. The study also included prevalence, risk factors, and molecular
confirmation of tick species. Genetic characterization confirmed the identity of R. annulatus. Our results
revealed a high prevalence of R. annulatus (46.9%) with a higher risk in male cattle (50%) than females (44.9%)
and a nonsignificant high infection (49.1%) in animals ≤ 1 year old. The acaricidal efficiency of garlic oil and its
nanoemulsion was concentration and time-dependent. The high concentration of garlic oil (20 mg/L) induced
complete mortality within 48 hours. The nanoemulsion formulation enhanced efficacy, particularly at 5 mg/L,
which exhibited rapid and substantial acaricidal activity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological
alterations induced by garlic oil and its nanoemulsion, including changes to the anterior capitulum, dorsal, and
ventral cuticles. The study contributes to the exploration of effective, safe, and eco-friendly alternatives for tick
control. Further research is warranted to validate their efficacy under diverse conditions and assess practical
strategies.

Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonotic disease caused by T. spiralis affecting human and animals.
Treatment with commercially available drugs has not been satisfactory due to rapid development
of drug-resistant particularly against encapsulated larvae. There is an increasing
need to discover alternative anthelminthics agents from medicinal plants. The present study
evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic activities of myrrh crude extract and myrrh volatile oil on T.
spiralis larvae compared to albendazole to estimate their sublethal concentrations on the infectivity
of T. spiralis larvae in mice. The in vitro effect of these agents was evaluated by assessing
mortality rate and by a scanning electron microscopic analysis of ultrastructural changes in
the cuticle of the larvae. The surface changes induced by crude myrrh extract and albendazole
were more severe than those observed after exposure to myrrh volatile oil. All responses to the
substances were time dose-dependent and highly significantly different from the control group
(p<0.001). 100% mortality rate of larvae occurred on the 4th day at 3, 5, &7mg/ml of myrrh crude
extract, on the 7th day with volatile oil while total larval death occurred on the 1st day of exposure
in to 5, 10, 15 & 20μg/ml of albendazole. In vitro exposure to sublethal dose of albendazole,
crude myrrh extract and volatile oil extract resulted in infectivity reduction by 100%, 98%
& 88% respectively in intestinal phase and 100%, 98% &59% respectively in muscular phase.
Keywords: In vitro, Trichinella spiralis, Albendazole, Myrrh crude, Myrrh volatile oil

Dicrocoelium dendriticum, the small liver fluke, is capable of parasitizing the gall bladder and liver of various mammalian species, especially ruminants. In Egypt, there was no previous abattoir-based research concerned with the incidence of dicrocoeliasis. The objective of our study is to record hepatic dicrocoeliasis in imported beef cattle of Sudanese origin that were slaughtered at Abu-Simbel abattoir, Aswan Governorate, Egypt and describe the detailed hepatic gross as well as histopathological changes induced by it. During a period from December 2020 to October 2021, 1575 liver specimens were examined from which 172 cases showed gross pathological lesions. After collection, affected specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin, then they were prepared for histopathological examination. The recorded incidence of hepatic dicrocoeliasis was 7.5% among the affected cases. The affected liver showed fibrosis and paleness with irregular yellowish foci on its surface. Fibrous tissue proliferation was seen surrounding bile ducts. Histopathologically, parasitic eggs were detected in affected liver tissues where they stimulated a granulomatous inflammatory reaction with hepatocellular necrosis and infiltrations of neutrophils, eosinophils and giant cells. Portal fibrosis resulted in the formation of pseudolobules. As a consequence, hepatic dicrocoeliasis is prevalent in imported Sudanese beef cattle and these animals should be protected from snail-infected regions and subjected to careful inspection by veterinarians in slaughterhouses.

Background This study investigates the genetic characteristics of Capillaria isolates from the infected fish, Bagrus
bajad, and their relation to human Capillaria philippinensis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR)
analysis. Fifteen fish Capillaria were isolated and compared to identified human C. philippinensis using six primers:
M-are, M-1, G-7, G-11, G-15, and G-18.
Results All six primers successfully amplified DNA, highlighting their efficacy in distinguishing between human
and fish Capillaria isolates. The analysis revealed distinctive banding patterns between fish and human isolates, with
variations in size and number of DNA fragments. Additionally, genetic similarity analysis showed intriguing patterns of
relatedness, with certain pairs exhibiting high similarity percentages. Comparative assessment of RAPD polymorphism
demonstrated consistent findings of 100% polymorphism across all primers. The Unweighted Pair Group Method
with Arithmetic Mean Algorithm (UPGMA) evaluated the closest relationship between human and fish isolates. These
results underscore the utility of RAPD analysis in delineating the genetic diversity among Capillaria isolates from
different hosts.
Conclusion Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the genetic variability and relatedness among
Capillaria isolates, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics and zoonotic potential.
Keywords Capillaria, Fish, Genetic similarity, Relatedness, RAPD polymorphism

In our country, imported Sudanese cattle are supposed to be an important source of high-quality
protein, which is obtained from their meat and milk. Consequently, strict veterinary inspection
should be applied to these animals in slaughterhouses before being subjected to human
consumption. This study aims to report the unusual migration of Taenia sagniata larvae (Cysticercus
bovis) to the liver of these animals and describe the pathological changes stimulated by them. In a
survey started in December 2020 and ended by October 2021, 1575 livers were carefully inspected
and examined, from which 172 specimens were condemned for different lesions. Prevalence of
cysticercosis was 1% (16/1575) among the totally examined livers. However, out of the rejected
specimens, cysticercosis occurred at a percentage of 9.3% (16\172). 5 livers showed a single cyst,
while 11 showed multiple. The total cyst count was 44, of which 28/44 (63.6%) were viable with thin
transparent walls and discharging of spotted scolex on incision. However, 16/44 (36.3%) cysts were
degenerated and appeared firm, pale yellowish, with firm consistency. The morphological appearance
of the liver varied from normal structure and consistency to swollen with rounded borders.
Histopathological analysis showed a fully developed bladder-like cyst with its invaginated scolex in
liver tissues resulting in necrotic changes in hepatocytes, fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrate. Due to
the significant risk of Cysticercus bovis to human health, meat inspection must be carefully
considered.