The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of Theileria annulata surface protein (TaSP)-ELISA, in comparison with traditional microscopic test, for the diagnosis of T. annulata infection among Egyptian baladi cattle (Bos taurus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Molecular confirmation of infection using T. annulata merozoite surface (Tams-1) target amplification by PCR was used as a gold standard. A total of 76 clinically suspected animals including 64 baladi cattle and 12 water buffaloes were investigated in the current study by the three methods. Based on the PCR-confirmed results, the evaluation study revealed higher sensitivity of TaSP ELISA (72.9% and 75%) as compared to microscopic examination (58.3% and 50%) among cattle and buffaloes, respectively. On the other hand, the specificity of TaSP-ELISA in diagnosis of T. annulata infection was higher (87.5%) in baladi cattle as compared to water buffaloes (37.5%). In conclusion, TaSP-ELISA was shown to
be suitable for the diagnosis of T. annulata infection in cattle under field conditions.

This study was designed to reveal out the prevalence of Sarcoptic mite infestation and the risk factors associated with occurrence of mange in one-humped camels (Camulus dromedarius) at smallholder farms in Upper Egypt, and to develop an applicable therapeutical protocol for the Sarcoptic mange infested camels. A total of 660 one-humped camels were randomly selected from different villages of Assiut, Upper Egypt. The animals were undergone clinical and parasitological examinations. Skin scrapings revealed that Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli
mite was present in 6.06% (n=40/660) camels of the area. Statistical analysis of some ecological parameters showed that there was significant relationship (P<0.05) between mite infestation in camels and season, housing management, and use of acaricides. On the other hand, age and sex did not significantly affect the prevalence of the disease. Topical application of moxidectin at 0.5 mg/kg bwt or subcutaneous administration of doramectin at 200 μg/kg bwt, along with treatment of animal environment was found to be the best protocol for the eradication and prevention of Sarcoptic mange in camel. The findings of this study indicate that Sarcoptes scabiei var cameli is the preeminent agent of mange infestation in one-humped camel in Upper Egypt. Use of acaricides for the treatment of affected camels, along with spraying the animal environment by insecticides is a effective protocol not only for controlling mange in camels but also for prevention of re-infestation from the animal environment.

The prevalence of parasitic infestations was studied in camels. A total of 460 camels of different age, sex and localities were examined. Collected fecal samples were subjected to sedimentation and floatation techniques and then examined for detection parasitic eggs. Fecal examination revealed that 26.9% of the camels parasitic eggs in their feces. Different types of parasites eggs prevalence were Strongylus sp. 8.2%, Trichostrongylus sp. 6.7%, Trichuris sp. 4.7%, and mixed infections with parasites were recorded in 7.1 %. In these results recorded
hard ticks infestation in camels 28.6%. Sarcoptic scabei var cameli (mange-mite) infested camels are 12.1%. Moreover, blood smears from jugular vein revealed that camels are infestation by blood parasites as Trypanosoma evansi is 9.5%.The prevalence of parasiticinfestation as internal and external observed in the present study was suggests that parasites are more common in the farms or herds camels that examined and may be leads to economic camel production losses, so the treatment of infested camels with a specific and effective drugs as the following ivermectin for external and internal parasites and cymelarsan against trypanosomiasis, are needed to control spreading of parasitic infestation and also prevent the losses of camels.
Key words: Diseases, Camels, Parasitic infestation, Diagnosis, Treatment.

A detailed Clinico-pathological profile of clinically diseased cattle and buffaloes with Theileriosis located in Al-Ghaniem region, Assiut Governorate, was aimed. Theileria annulata was confirmed by the presence of T. annulata piroplasms in blood smears and/or lymph smears followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). During the period of investigation (April 2015 to August 2018), out of the clinically inspected cattle (n= 300) and buffaloes (n= 100), 80 (26.67%) and 15 (15 %) cases were clinically suspected to have Theileriosis, respectively. The positive cases were molecularly identified (PCR). The general observed signs were anorexia, fever, swelling of superficial lymph nodes. Ocular lesions were white cloudiness were more obvious in the center of cornea rather than the borders (yellowish colored corneoscleral opacity surrounded by hyperemic band). A watery discharge from the eyes. Serous ocular discharge (watery lacrimation) was remarkable, however in severe cases the ocular discharges was accumulated in the medial canthus. Some newly born calves of less than one month exposed to ocular symptoms mainly protruding of eye ball with ictric conjunctiva. The clinical examination of conjunctivae of the clinically suspected cases with Theileriosis indicated that icteric appearance of conjunctivae in some cases. Three cases showed petechiated conjunctivae. In our study some animals showed up--word visible bulging of temporal fossa. Visible protrusion of hemorrhagic conjunctiva with apparently exophthalmia (ocular edema) were observed. Bloody diarrhea and tarry like diarrhea, change in feeding behavior or habit like depraved appetite by eating mud ,soil were noticed. On the other side, the most prominent necropsy features the recently succumbed animals: Gross changes in various organs including heart lungs, trachea, stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys superficial lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes, small and large intestine. All mucous membranes and conjunctivae, peritoneum and abdominal fatty tissues were icteric. On external observation. Jaundice, petechial hemorrhages involving mucosal and serosal surfaces of many organs as well as body fat. In the thoracic cavity, the most prominent autopsy findings were obviously extra edematous swelling of all lobes of the lung, hydrothorax and the lung was distended, discolored, solid in texture, and filled with exudate by palpation, The liver was friable, yellowish, and larger than normal, with the gall bladder being markedly distended with dark olive-green or brownish green bile. The abomasum was the most severely affected organ in the alimentary canal, it contains numerous ulcers about 3 mm. in diameter .a few linear ulcers were present on the leaves. There were prominent hemorrhagic ulcers and petechial hemorrhages were seen in the abomasum of the most cases. There were remarkable enlargement of spleen (splenomegaly) were also recorded. The kidneys were congested or dark brown in color and their perirenal fat were yellowish in color. The heart had petechial and hemorrhages on the outer and inner surface of the auricles.
Key word: Cattle, Buffaloes, Theileriosis, polymerase chain reaction, autopsy finding

The current work was carried out to reveal the probable cause that increases the seriousness of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in crossbred dairy cattle in villages of Assiut and Sohag Governorates, Upper Egypt. The serious form of LSD infected twenty-eight crossbred dairy cows. Diagnosis is based on the clinical background and histopathology. All cows were adult and previously vaccinated against LSD using the sheep pox “Romanian-strain” vaccine. Clinically, enormous numbers of hideous necrotic dermal lesions, similar to starred-shaped craters, were the prominent signs of the diseased cases in association with systemic reactions anorexia pyrexia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and edematous lymphadenitis in superficial nodes. Detailed clinical findings are described. Histopathologically, fibrinoid vasculitis, with severe perivascular mononuclear inflammatory cellular infiltration and ambulance of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in the dermis were conspicuously histopathological findings. Blood films and lymph smears of the diseased cases revealed both erythrocytic and the lymphocytic forms of Theileria infection. Theileria annulata was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Theileria annulata infection and LSD interactions were discussed. This tick-borne-protozoan is an endemic infection in our villages and plays a pivotal role in the frustration of the humoral and cell-mediated immune statuses of the infected cattle inducing reduction of the efciency of the applied vaccine, and increasing the seriousness of the endemic lumpy skin disease. A national strategy for reducing or minimizing the infection rate with Theileria infection should warranted in paralleling with vaccination programs to avoid the insufciency of immune responses. The current work concludes that bovine theileriosis is an endemic disease in our villages and the existence of Theileria annulata infection minimizes the efficiency of the vaccination programs and increases the seriousness of LSD in crossbred cattle. The existence of sporadic cases of cattle infected by LSD precipitates the disease as a circulating disease in our villages in Egypt.
Keywords Histopathology · PCR · Lumpy skin disease · Theileria annulata
 

Purpose This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in naturally diseased Dromedary camels in Dammam, Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. The detection of Trypanosoma evansi was performed using the parasitological, serological, and molecular diagnosis and a comparison between such methods were analyzed. In addition, an evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of selected antitrypanosomal drugs, cymelarsan and quinapyrmine (aquin-1.5), was trialed for the treatment of diagnosed infected cases.
Methods A total 350 randomly selected camels were evaluated using thin blood smear (TBS), RoTat1.2 PCR and CATT/T. evansi techniques.
Results The total prevalence was 6.9%, 7.7%, and 32.8% by TBS, RoTat1.2 PCR and CATT/T. evansi techniques, respectively. Although PCR detect T. evansi in more samples than TBS, the agreement was good (K = 0.9). Among the CATT/T. evansi results, PCR detected T. evansi in 12 and 15 CATT positive and negative camels, respectively, with the low agreement (Kappa = 0.1). The use of cymelarsan and quinapyramine sulfate in the treatment of naturally infected cases demonstrated a very efficient therapeutic response.
Conclusion It was found that
1. Comparing the CATT/T. evansi and PCR results, the
positivity of CATT was higher than PCR detection, while the agreement was poor (K = 0.1).
2. Cymelarsan and aquin-1.5 proved to be effective in the treatment of naturally infected camels, but cymelarsan presented with higher effectiveness (100%) than aquintreated camels (83.3%). a
3. The use of cymelarsan and CATT is recommended for disease treatment and control.
Keywords Trypanosoma evansi · RoTat 1.2VSG PCR · CATT/T. evansi · Cymelarsan
 

Background: Sudden death is defined as an unexpected death occurring with no observed antecedent clinical signs.
Aim: The current study was performed to notice the tangible causes of sudden death among 51 out of 340 she-camels on a private farm in the eastern region of El Khafgi, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted to investigate the sudden death of camels through
microscopic examination of fecal matter to identify the gastrointestinal parasites, analysis of whole blood thin films to diagnose blood parasites, blood culturing to recognize bacterial infection as Pasteurella multicida, and macroscopic postmortem examination to identify the gastrointestinal adult worm. The quantity and composition of feed were also analyzed. Afterward, a commercial multiscreen Ag-ELISA kit technique determined the toxins of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens).
Results: The results revealed that the incidence rate of sudden death was 15%. The sudden death occurred due to C. perfringens enterotoxins detected in the rumen, intestinal content, and intestinal wall. The enterotoxins and Alpha toxins were noticed, but the other toxin types, including Beta and Epsilon, could not be detected. All C. perfringens toxins were discovered to be negative in fecal matter. A significant association was reported between sudden death, she-camel age, and feeding habits as risk factors (p = 0.020 and 0.028, respectively). Risk factor assessment by relative risk (RR) revealed that the odds of RR of sudden death occurring among she-camels over two years were higher than those under two years (2.24 CI 95%, 1.093–4.591). Furthermore, the odds RR of sudden death occurring due to exposure of she-camels to a concentrated ration of 18% were higher twice than those not exposed (2.346 CI 95%, 1.039–5.296).
Conclusion: Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia should be listed as a cause of sudden death in camels. The alteration in diet with 18% concentration feed changes the intestinal environment, leading to C. perfringens proliferating and yielding potent toxins. More observations and interferences like regular immunization are recommended to reduce the disease and increase the farmers' awareness of the importance of risk factors.
Keywords: Camels, Clostridium perfringens, Enterotoxins, Risk factors, Sudden death.
 

The bulbus arteriosus of goldfish, Carassius auratus, possesses unique structural features. The wall of the bulbus arteriosus is exceptionally thick, with an inner surface characterized by longitudinally arranged finger-like ridges, resulting in an uneven luminal appearance. These ridges are covered by endocardium and encased in an amorphous extracellular matrix. The inner surface of the bulbus arteriosus also contains rodlet cells at different developmental stages, often clustered beneath the endothelium lining the bulbar lumen. Ruptured rodlet cells release their contents via a holocrine secretion process. The high abundance of rodlet cells in the bulbus arteriosus suggests that this is the site of origin for these cells. Within the middle layer of the bulbus arteriosus, smooth muscle cells, branched telocytes (TCs), and collagen bundles coexist. TCs and their telopodes form complex connections within a dense collagen matrix, extending to rodlet cells and macrophages. Moreover, the endothelium makes direct contact with telopodes. The endocardial cells within the bulbus arteriosus display irregular, stellate shapes and numerous cell processes that establish direct contact with TCs. TEM reveals that they contain moderately dense bodies and membrane-bound vacuoles, suggesting a secretory activity. TCs exhibit robust secretory activity, evident from their telopodes containing numerous secretory vesicles. Furthermore, TCs release excretory vesicles containing bioactive molecules into the extracellular matrix, which strengthens evidence for telocytes as promising candidates for cellular therapies and regeneration in various heart pathologies.

Fish's skin serves a variety of functions that are essential for survival, including communication, respiration, sensory perception, excretion, ion regulation, and heat regulation. This research aimed to examine the snout skin of koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) to determine its structural characteristics. Using light microscopy, the histochemical elements of the skin were examined in a total of 20 adult, healthy koi fish. The skin of was made up of three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis consisted of epidermal cells, club cells, mucous goblet cells, rodlet cells, eosinophilic granular cells, serous goblet cells, and melanocytes. large amounts mucous of cells which reacted positive to Alcian blue (AB) and Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS), few club cells which reacted positive to bromophenol blue and light green. many eosinophilic granular cells (EGCs) reacted positive to PAS and light green. Moreover, many taste …