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Prediction Models Founded on Soil Characteristics for the Estimated Uptake of Nine Metals by Okra Plant, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench., Cultivated in Agricultural Soils Modified with Varying Sewage Sludge Concentrations

Research Authors
Ebrahem M. Eid 1,2,* , Kamal H. Shaltout 3, Saad A. M. Alamri 1, Sulaiman A. Alrumman 1 , Nasser Sewelam 3, Mostafa A. Taher 1,4, Mohamed Hashem 1,5, Yasser S. Mostafa 1 and Mohamed T. Ahmed
Research Abstract

Prediction models were developed to estimate the extent to which the metals Cd, Co,
Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were taken up by the fruits, the leaves, the stems, and the roots
of the okra plant, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench., grown under greenhouse conditions in soil
modified with a spectrum of sewage sludge concentrations: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g/kg. All the
metals under investigation, apart from Cd, were more concentrated in the A. esculentus roots than
in any other organ. Overall, the sum of the metal concentration (mg/kg) within the varying plant
tissues can be ranked in the following order: roots (13,795.5) > leaves (1252.7) > fruits (489.3) > stems
(469.6). For five of the metals (i.e., Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, and Pb), the BCF was <1; for the remaining four
metals, the BCF was >1, (i.e., Cr, 1.074; Cu, 1.347; Ni, 1.576; and Zn, 1.031). The metal BCFs were
negatively correlated with the pH of the soil and positively correlated with soil OM content. The
above-ground tissues exhibited a TF < 1 for all metals, apart from Cd with respect to the leaves (2.003)
and the fruits (2.489), and with the exception of Mn in relation to the leaves (1.149). Further positive
associations were demonstrated for the concentrations of all the metals in each examined plant
tissue and the corresponding soil metal concentration. The tissue uptakes of the nine metals were
negatively correlated with soil pH, but positively associated with the OM content in the soil. The
generated models showed high performance accuracy; students’ t-tests indicated that any differences
between the measured and forecasted concentrations of the nine metals within the four tissue types
of A. esculentus failed to reach significance. It can, therefore, be surmised that the prediction models
described in the current research form a feasible method with which to determine the safety and risk
to human health when cultivating the tested species in soils modified with sewage sludge.

Research Date
Research Journal
Sustainability
Research Publisher
MDPI
Research Vol
13(22)
Research Website
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12356
Research Year
2021
Research Pages
12356