We reported here the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Zn_1−xCo_xO nanorods (NRs) with x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.30 wt%. The Zn_1−xCo_xO NRs samples were fabricated by electrochemical deposition and given the symbols S0, S1, S2, and S3 for x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.30 wt%, respectively. It is found that all NR samples were grown along the (002) plane and have a hexagonal structure. As the Co level increases up to 0.30 wt%, the crystallite size and the texture coefficient are respectively decreased from 57 nm to 0.98 to 25 nm and 0.70. While the diameter of NRs increased from 347 to 1730 nm. Interestingly, the weight% (wt %) of O was increased with increasing Co level. The optical band gap (E_g) was found to be 3.32 eV for the undoped ZnO NRs (S0) and reduced to 2.24 eV with more increase of Co up to 0.30 wt%. At 300 K, the So and S1 exhibit diamagnetic behavior over the field range. For S2, such behavior became weakly ferromagnetic at H ≤ 2000 Oe and diamagnetic at H > 2000 Oe. In contrast, the S3 exhibits strong ferromagnetic behavior of magnetization (M) = 0.14 emu/g at 20 kOe. However, with decreasing temperature to 10 K, the paramagnetic behavior is dominant for all NRs. However, all NRs samples revealed a hysteresis loop After subtracting the paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions from the M-H curves. The S2 showed the highest value for coercive field of 256 and 263 Oe, as compared to the other NRs (15–65 Oe). Although S3 shows the softest magnetic properties among all samples (with coercive fields of 15–27 Oe), it exhibits the strongest ferromagnetic behavior. The Zfc/Fc measurements show that all the samples are paramagnetic by nature with no sign for blocking temperature of magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, the residual magnetization values measured at 300 K (from both FC and ZFC curves) show a general increasing trend with cobalt doping concentration, with measured values of 6.45 × 10⁻⁹, 2.13 × 10⁻⁴, 8.71 × 10⁻⁵, and 6.45 × 10⁻² emu/g for samples S0 through S3, respectively. This work provides new insights into the correlation between electrochemical growth conditions, defect chemistry, and room-temperature ferromagnetism in Co-doped ZnO systems, advancing beyond previous reports through its demonstration of bandgap tuning and robust ferromagnetism in electrochemically grown NRs and temperature-dependent magnetic phase transitions directly correlated with structural parameters.

This paper is aimed at proposing a novel method for calculating the resistance-to-ground of three grounding-schemes under known applied-voltage. The schemes include a vertical rod(s), and square/rectangular grids with and without rods. The schemes are buried in a homogenous-soil or two-layer soil with an interface-plane separating the soil layers. The calculation method is based on the current-sphere-simulation-technique (CSST) along with the concept of images. The currents in the vertical-rod and the grid-conductors are simulated by current- spheres of diameters the same as the rod or conductor. The interface-plane between soil-layers is simulated by two sets of equal number of current-spheres. Satisfaction of Dirichlet boundary-condition at the scheme-surface and normal current-density continuity along with the potential-equality boundary-conditions the interfaceplane formulates a set of equations, whose solution determines the currents of the simulation-spheres. The sum of sphere-currents simulating the ground-scheme represents the current injected into the surrounding-soil for evaluating the scheme groundingresistance. The calculated grounding-resistance by the proposedmethod agreed with those obtained from COMSOL and CYMGRD with a deviation up to 13.2% for the investigated three groundingschemes.

The charge simulation method (CSM) was first introduced for field calculation in high-voltage (HV) arrangements involving electrodes and two dielectrics at most. Each electrode is simulated by a set of charges inside it. The interface between the two dielectrics is simulated by two sets of charges, one set in each dielectric. The proposed method aims to extend the CSM for the first time to apply to arrangements with many electrodes and multi-dielectric layers. This represents the novelty of the method. Its intelligence lies in the proper selection of the simulation charges to be used for calculating the electric potential and field anywhere within the HV arrangement, following a systematic procedure. The method predicts potential and field values that coincide with their respective exact values in a single-core cable with multi coaxial-dielectric layers. For a dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) arrangement having multi parallel-flat-dielectric layers with and without embedded electrodes, the method also predicts potential and field values that agree reasonably with those obtained using COMSOL software. The effectiveness of the embedded electrode in decreasing the field at the edge of the stressed electrode is verified by the proposed method in agreement with the experimental observations recorded for the investigated DBD arrangement.

This paper introduces a new design of a grounding grid composed of multi-concentric rings (MCRG) tied together by conductors and provided with rods uniformly distributed around the periphery of the outer ring. The methodology for evaluating ground resistance and ground surface potential for predicting the step and touch voltages is based on the current simulation technique. Current spheres simulate the grid components of rings, conductors, and rods, the number of which is well-defined. In a two-layer soil, the interface plane between the layers is simulated by two sets of an equal number of current spheres. Satisfaction of pertinent boundary conditions at the surface of grid components and interface plane formulates a set of equations, whose solution determines the current values of the simulation spheres. With known sphere currents simulating the grid, the ground resistance and the distribution of ground surface potential are evaluated. The proposed MCRG outperforms square and rectangular grid designs reported in the literature, being safer with lower step, touch voltages, and ground resistance for the same grid area and fault current.

Measurements of the production yields of charm baryons ( Λ _c⁺) and charm mesons ( D 0 ) in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 8.16 Te V are presented. The data were collected in 2016 with the
CMS experiment and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 186 nb −1 . The Λ _c⁺ baryon is reconstructed from
the decay channel Λ + → K 0S p , while the D 0 meson is reconstructed via D 0 → K − π + . The Λ +c baryon and D 0
meson yields are extracted in several charged-particle multiplicity classes. No strong multiplicity dependence of
the Λ -to- D 0 yield ratio is observed, unlike the observed strange baryon to strange meson yield ratio of Λ∕Λ
to K 0S , which shows a strong multiplicity dependence. This observation indicates different mechanisms for the
multiplicity evolution of hadronization processes for charm and strange quarks and provides new constraints to
the understanding of heavy flavor production and collectivity in small collision systems.

The most precise measurement to date of the W boson hadronic decay branching fraction ratio 𝑅 c = ℬ (W →
cq)∕ ℬ (W → qq ) is presented. The measurement is based on a sample of proton-proton collision data from the
CERN LHC collected by the CMS experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2016--2018 with an integrated
luminosity of 138 fb −1 . The large cross section of top quark-antiquark production at the LHC offers a sizable high­
purity sample of W bosons suitable for this measurement. Events with one charged lepton (electron or muon)
and at least four jets, two tagged as bottom quark jets, are analyzed. Charm jets are tagged using the presence
of a muon inside the jet. The result, 𝑅 c = 0.489 ± 0.020 , is consistent with the standard model prediction and is
twice as precise as the current world-average value.

A first search for beyond the standard model physics in jet multiplicity patterns of multilepton events is
presented, using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb −1 of 13 TeV proton-
proton collisions recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC. The search uses observed jet multiplicity
distributions in one-, two-, and four-lepton events to explore possible enhancements in jet production rate in
three-lepton events with and without bottom quarks. The data are found to be consistent with the standard
model expectation. The results are interpreted in terms of supersymmetric production of electroweak
chargino-neutralino superpartners with cascade decays terminating in prompt hadronic R-parity violating
interactions.

Abstract
The great advantage of plasma technology in harnessing abundant clean energy for electrifying and decentralizing the chemical industry holds the promise of attaining carbon neutrality. Therefore, recent research efforts have been dedicated to reducing the energy costs of plasma processes to facilitate the commercialization of this technology. How￾ever, it has been noted an inconsistency in reporting energy costs across the literature resulted from inaccurate estimation of power consumption within the system, leading to the misevaluation of the process, its underlying mechanism, and the significance of critical factors. This study comprehensively addresses these challenges by discussing and refining 
methods for estimating power consumption in a plasma system. Insights are drawn from our ongoing research in plasma NOx synthesis, specifically a thorough analysis of the discharge dynamics in a recently developed reactor “high-frequency spark discharge” using a high-speed camera, ICCD camera, and high-performance oscilloscope at various pulse widths of the applied voltage. The investigation revealed the importance of accounting for the post-spark period in the voltage cycle during power estimation, as it demonstrates an influence on NOx synthesis. Furthermore, the study highlighted and addressed critical errors in power measurement and energy cost estimation in the literature. It is found that a significant error, exceeding±70%, arises from overlooking signals delay in the setup and improper adjustment of oscilloscope functions, particularly channel impedance, data averaging, bandwidth, and sampling rate. This paper serves as a valuable guide towards establishing standardized measurements toward the precise estimation of energy costs in 
plasma processes.

Abstract 
Expanding a nonthermal plasma jet to treat a large area is considered as one of the big challenges for industrial applications. Unlike conventional upscaling methods using multi-tubes, this work reports a new approach to obtain a stable, large-volume, wide-area, and long plasma plume from a single tube. The wide plasma jet is achieved using a hollow dielectric cylinder (HDC) embedded perpendicular to the flow of helium inside a wide glass tube (diameter: 26 mm). In addition to the capability of the developed device to launch long and wide plasma plumes, it exhibits low operating power that makes the plasma plume maintain at a temperature close to the room temperature. Furthermore, the jet has a flickering pattern resembling a candle flame, similar to the observed phenomenon in the recently developed plasma candle device utilizing a microporous disc. Additionally, the millimeter-sized hollows in the HDC prevent any pressure drop across it, offering a distinct advantage over plasma candle devices. The investigation revealed that the narrow channels within the HDC intensify the electric field in the device, which is necessary to overcome the comparatively weak electric field in the wide tube. To gain deeper insights into the pivotal factors contributing to launching a stable plasma jet, the plume was monitored using a high-speed camera under different configurations of the developed device. It is found that the arrangement of the HDC locations and the electrodes inside the glass tube are important to form a stable plasma jet; two distinct plasma zones are observed inside the developed device and optimizing their ratio is a crucial parameter contributing to launching a strong, stable, and wide plasma jet. The presented techniques and findings can be applied to improve the uniformity of plasma jets launched from conventional multi-tube devices. 

Electricity-based chemical conversion is now recognized as a crucial technology for strengthening renewable energy in the pursuit of carbon neutrality. Atmospheric pressure plasmas have potential for nitrogen fixation when coupled with renewable energy, due to their ease of startup and shutdown, as well as their ability to adapt quickly to changing operating parameters. This short review highlights the plasma-based NOx formation, with a particular focus on advancements in NOx yield and energy cost over the past five years. Warm plasmas have
demonstrated greater effectiveness than nonthermal plasmas in NOx production. Recent improvements in NOx yield and
energy efficiency are discussed, along with a future outlook on their potential in power-to-X applications.