Sabkhas are unique salt flat formations situated along the coastline and have been the subject of extensive scientific inquiry. This study delves into the formation and significance of sabkhas, along the South Red Sea coast of Egypt. Combining field observations, satellite imagery, and GIS analysis, the research unveils the processes shaping these distinct landscapes and their broader impact on the region. The study utilizes Sentinel-2 A imagery and digital elevation models to map salinity and identify optimal methods for salt detection. It further employs advanced data processing techniques to refine land cover classification and identify unique features within four sabkhas along the Red Sea coast: Ras Baghdadi, Marsa Abu Madd, Bir Shalatein-Marsa Himeira, and Diib. Examining these sabkhas reveals intricate details of their topography, hydrology, and sediment composition. The study identifies factors contributing to their individual characteristics, such as structural control, interaction with lagoons, and the influence of wind and aridity. Analysis of satellite data and field observations unveils the presence of salt ponds, dunes, microbial mats, and distinct sediment layers within these formations. Evaporite crystals, halophytic vegetation, and color patterns provide further insights into their formation processes. The study emphasizes that sea level fluctuations, fluvial and aeolian processes, and limited human intervention have shaped the temporal evolution of these sabkhas. However, climate change poses significant future challenges. By highlighting the importance of understanding and preserving these ecologically and economically valuable ecosystems, this research underscores the urgent need for their protection in the face of a changing climate

This paper introduces a novel generalization of the Mittag-Leffler function, delving into its fundamental characteristics. The analysis encompasses a thorough exploration of its properties, including the derivation of recurrence relations, differential formulas, and various integral representations such as the Euler, Laplace, Mellin, Whittaker, and Mellin–Barnes transforms. Furthermore, the study establishes connections to other significant special functions, expressing the new generalization in terms of the Fox-Wright function, the generalized hypergeometric function, and the H-function. The paper also defines associated fractional integral and differential operators, highlighting the function’s relevance to fractional calculus. Several noteworthy
special cases are derived from the main results, demonstrating the breadth and adaptability of this new function. This research provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the properties of this generalized Mittag-Leffler function and suggests its potential for applications in diverse areas, particularly within the realm of fractional analysis and its related fields.

Given the growing quantity of proposals and works of basic hypergeometric functions in the
scope of q-calculus, it is important to introduce a systematic classification of q-calculus. Our aim in this article is to investigate several interesting q-partial derivative formulas, q-contiguous function relations, q-recurrence relations, various q-partial differential equations, summation formulas, transformation formulas and q-integrals representations for basic Humbert hypergeometric functions Φ1, Φ2 and Φ3 under constraints of symmetry parameters. These interesting properties, as special cases, include many known expansions of
basic Humbert hypergeometric functions Φ1, Φ2 and Φ3, and are also include particular interest in the area.

The present paper discusses a study of a class of Charlier matrix polynomials (CMPs) and its generalized analogue. Certain generating matrix functions, recurrence matrix relations, matrix differential equation, summation formulas and many new results have been discussed for these matrix polynomials. Weisner’s group theoretic method is used to obtain matrix generating relations for Charlier matrix polynomials and the details of this method were given in this paper. Finally, we will discuss only briefly the procedure followed.

In this paper, we introduce new definitions of extended fuzzy T1 spaces and establish relations
between them and their counterparts. We show that these concepts have projective, productive, and hereditary
characteristics. We also demonstrate that generalized bijective fuzzy continuous and generalized fuzzy open
mappings preserve these spaces. Furthermore, these ideas are examined in the framework of initial and final
extended fuzzy topological spaces.

The development of second-generation (2G) bioethanol from lignocellulosic sources, such as sugarcane bagasse, is
very important as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels. However, the high cost associated with enzymatic
hydrolysis, which breaks down cellulose into fermentable sugars, poses a key challenge. This study focused on
enhancing cellulase enzyme production by a novel, locally isolated strain, Trichoderma harzianum PP400831,
using statistical optimization BBD-RSM to improve enzyme activity. Optimization efforts resulted in maximal
endoglucanase and exoglucanase activities of 4.01 IU/mL and 2.64 IU/mL, respectively after 9 days at 2% cellulose
mixture concentration and 0.15% tween 80. After saccharifcation of pretreated (SCB) by the crude enzymes and
fermentation of produced reduced sugar by S. cerevisiae MN901244 yielded an ethanol concentration of 25.63
g/L. This work represents a signifcant step toward developing a cost-effective, sustainable, and high-performing
cellulase production process for second-generation bioethanol. 
 

Line congruences are crucial in classical geometry, particularly in relating one surface to another through families of lines. These correspondences
are most valuable when they preserve key geometric features of the original surface. A line congruence, understood as a two-parameter
family of lines, can itself be viewed as a surface within the space of lines. This paper focuses on timelike line congruences, using the Study
map to explore their geometry within Minkowski 3-space. By interpreting a timelike line congruence as a region on the hyperbolic dual unit
sphere, we connect surface theory with the geometry of these congruences. We introduce the first and second fundamental forms to establish
conditions for when a timelike surface is developable and to study its differential properties. Applying Blaschke’s moving frame technique, we
derive curvature formulas and provide Minkowski analogs of classical results for ruled surfaces within the congruence. Specifically, we extend
known Euclidean results, including a Minkowski version of Plücker’s conoid. We also derive Dupin’s indicatrix for timelike line congruences,
offering a classification based on curvature invariants. In addition, we construct the Liouville formula within this framework and discuss its
geometric implications for closed timelike ruled surfaces contained in a timelike line congruence. To highlight the practical outcomes of our
approach, we provide several illustrative models.