Because of climate change and human activity, North and Central Africa are experiencing
a significant water shortage. Recent advancements in earth observation technologies have made
widespread groundwater monitoring possible. To examine spatial and temporal mass fluctuations
caused by groundwater variations in Chad, gravity solutions from the Gravity Recovery and Climate
Experiment (GRACE), climatic model outputs, and precipitation data are integrated. The results
are as follows: (1) The investigated region experienced average annual precipitation (AAP) rates of
351.6, 336.22, and 377.8 mm yr?1, throughout the overall investigation period (04/2002–12/2021),
Period I (04/2002–12/2011), and Period II (01/2012–12/2021), respectively. (2) Using the three
gravity solutions, the average Terrestrial Water Storage Variations (DTWS) values are estimated to be
+0.26  0.04, +0.006  0.10, and +0.64  0.12 cm yr?1, for the overall study period, periods I, and II,
respectively. (3) Throughout the full period, periods I, and II, the groundwater storage fluctuations
(DGWS) are calculated to be +0.25  0.04, +0.0001  0.099, and +0.62  0.12 cm yr?1, respectively
after removing the soil moisture (DSMS) and Lake Chad water level trend values. (4) The country
receives an average natural recharge rate of +0.32  0.04, +0.068  0.099, and +0.69  0.12 cm yr?1,
throughout the whole period, Periods I, and II, respectively. (5) The southern mountainous regions of
Erdi, Ennedi, Tibesti, and Darfur are receiving higher rainfall rates that may recharge the northern
part of Chad through the stream networks; in addition to the Lake Chad and the higher rainfall over
southern Chad might help recharge the central and southern parts of the country. (6) A preferred
groundwater flow path from the Kufra (Chad and Libya) to the Dakhla basin (Egypt) appears to
be the Pelusium mega shear system, which trends north-east. The findings suggest that GRACE is
useful for monitoring changes in groundwater storage and recharge rates across large areas. Our
observation-based methodology provides a unique understanding of monthly ground-water patterns
at the state level, which is essential for successful interstate resource allocation, future development,
and policy initiatives, as well as having broad scientific implications for arid and semiarid countries.
 

This study combined gravity data from the Earth Gravitational Model (EGM2008) with
other data to better understand the spatial variations of the sedimentary cover and the
structural trends that affect groundwater flow in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System.
Our findingswere verified and evidenced by geological, geochronological, geochemical
data, and earthquake records: 1) The Uweinat-Aswan basement uplift, which runs eastwest,
partially isolates the Dakhla subbasin from the shallower northern Sudan subbasin,
and thereby impeding the south-to-north groundwater flow from northern Sudan
platform to the Dakhla subbasin; 2) A thickening of the sedimentary cover in the NE-SW direction
from the southern Kufra through the northern Kufra to theDakhla subbasin;
3) The sedimentary cover was found to increase from less than 500m in the south
(Northern Sudan and Uweinat region) to more than 6 km in the north (Mediterranean
coast); 4) A number of structural trends (NE-SW, N-S, E-W, and NW-SE) affecting the
region; 5) A large Pelusium megashear system that runs northeast to southwest makes it
easier for groundwater to flow from the Kufra subbasin to the Dakhla subbasin; 6) Along
the paths that groundwater takes, like fromSiwa toQattara and fromnorthwest Farafra to
north Bahariya, and along structures that run in the same direction as the flow, a
progressive increase in ³⁶Cl groundwater ages was observed; 7) It is a betterway to learn
about the hydrogeological context of large aquifers and figure out how to best manage
these underground water sources

The present study was performed during seasons 2016-17 on 13 years old Flame Seedless cv.(Vitis vinifera L.) at Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The vines were sprayed with natural oils (Clove oil, black seed oil and garlic oil) before harvest in two concentrations 0.5% and 1%. Physical, chemical and microbial assays were conducted during storage under marketing conditions. Natural oils especially garlic oil gives high quality properties of berries eg decreasing the total loss, berry shatter, TSS/TA percentage and also protected the anthocyanin pigment from degradation during the storage periods at room and cold temperatures. All natural oils especially garlic oil decrease the total counts and diversity of post harvest fungi. The diversity index showed great variation between cold and room temperature and the oil treated comparing with control samples which revealed the highest diversity index. Decreasing fungal counts and the diversity reflects directly on berries quality and longitivity during the storage at marketing conditions.

Thirty samples (10 raw milk, 10 yoghurt and 10 cheeses) were randomly collected from local markets in Assiut city. All samples were chemically analyzed for acidity, fat, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, salt and ash contents, microbiologically for total counts of bacteria, molds & yeasts and for the incidence of coliform bacteria. The obtained results were (0.13-0.20), (0.63 – 0.81) and (0.27-0.97) for  titratable acidity, (3- 7.3), (3.0-4.7) and (1.00- 35.00) for fat contents, (0.47-0.60–), (0.70-0.83)  and (2.05-3.7)  for total nitrogen (TN%), (0.28-0.45), (0.011-0.029  ) and(  0.014-1.33   ) for soluble nitrogen ( SN%) , ( 0.17-0.29), ( 0.16- 0.31) and (2.34 – 9.56) for salt contents and  ( 0.40 -1.05) , ( 0.70 – 0.89) and ( 2.5 – 7.52)  for ash contents  of liquid raw milk, yoghurt and cheese samples respectively. microbiological analysis the total bacterial counts (TBC) were  (2.25×105 -  5.25× 107), (4.9 ×105 -  7.25× 107) and ( 4.1 ×105 -  18.75× 107),  molds & yeasts ( 1×102 - 45×102 ),( 1×102 - 40×102 )and  ( 1×102- 17×102 )   for liquid raw milk, yoghurt and cheese samples respectively. The results also showed that,  most of the investigated samples were free from coliform bacteria except for raw milk.

In the last years, increasing the population growth followed by an acceleration of the industrial process costs the quality of our ecosystem. Large waste quantities of industrial activities deposit risk concentrations of toxic materials like heavy metals. Heavy metal pollution has been distinguished as serious contaminants with worldwide risk since the industrial modern revolution. Environment depositions of these contaminants intimidate all the biological life forms for its high toxic characteristics. Chemical, physical, and mechanical strategies proved its low efficiency for its high energy needs, high costs, and even leave other secondary wastes to pass through the environment that raising another contaminant issue. Bioremediation through biological scavenging of heavy metals by microorganisms offers simple, low costs, low energy, and eco-friendly strategy for heavy metal elimination. Microorganisms developed …

Kojic acid is a remarkable secondary metabolite of Aspergillus with various hot spot applications in the field of medicine, cosmetics, food, agriculture, and chemistry field. However the needs of stable large production with safe cultures still need continuous searching. Microbial kojic acid concentrated highly on Aspergillus species especially Aspergillus flavus group. Ten isolates of A. flavus and A. oryzae isolated from various Egyptian sources were producible of KA in range 0.091 ±0.01 to 66.81 ±0.95 g/l. Aspergillus oryzae (no. 4) that give maximum production was selected as non-toxinogenic safe isolate for optimizing the production by five levels CCD design of RSM. Maximum value of kojic acid with 108.4% increasing was 139.24 g/L (predicted 135.8 g/L) using glucose (+ 1; 200 g/l), yeast extract (+ 1; 6 g/l), KH 2 PO 4,(+ 1; 1.5 g/l) and MgSO 4. 7H 2 O (+ 1; 1 g/l) through run (24). Model significance and validity tested by R 2 values of KA was 0.987, DM 0.989 and CS 0.9831 and calculated with Derringer’ s desirability function as 0.937. Optimized kojic acid showed stability against different range of heat stress from 40ÂC to 100ÂC during five continuous hours which may attribute that microbial product usually more stable than synthetic ones by attaching it with other active groups that guaranty more stability under stress conditions. Aspergillus oryzae (Ao-4) represents promising safe isolate for industrial kojic acid production with highly product stability using this significant valid experimental design.