Legumes represent one of the most valuable crops all over the world because of their high content of protein, carbohydrates, fibers and minerals. Legumes significantly affect animal and human health along with soil fertility enhancement. Despite large areas under legume cultivation, the per year legume produces are insufficient due to crop losses induced by several biotic and abiotic stress factors. Abiotic stress factors include numerous environmental parameters like temperature, soil compaction, soil contamination, chilling, frost, drought, humidity, and soil water content. Biotic stress factors involve parasites like nematodes, weeds, insects, viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Fungal plant pathogens are considered one of the major reasons of legume crop losses because of their high spreading instances and aggressive infection via seeds or entire plant body. Fungal diseases can even lead to 100% legume yield

Soils are rich with various precious fungi that produce significant metabolites which could solve many medical issues of human life. Kojic acid represents a significant medical metabolite produced by fungi and used as anti-browning, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic agent in medical products. In this study, a total of 31 species plus 3 varieties belonging to 14 fungal genera were recovered as rhizospheric fungi from the roots area of 30 samples of 27 different plants. The most common isolated genus was Aspergillus however; the most common isolated species were Aspergillus parasiticus, and A. flavus. Fifty two fungal isolates were tested for their ability to produce kojic acid, only 25 fungal isolates have the ability to produce kojic acid with various degrees and 27 isolates couldn’t produce it. Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris Af-19, A. parasiticus Ap-48, A. flavus var. columnaris Af-7, A. flavus Af-52, and A. flavus Af-40 were the high producers of kojic acid giving (g/l) 42.68, 39.96, 39.85, 39.79, and 38.92 kojic acid, respectively. The percent of kojic acid yields based on consumed sugar by these five fungal isolates were 48.60, 44.84, 43.52, 45.00 and 43.62%, respectively. From the obtained data, it could be assumed that rhizospheric fungi represent a promising producers of kojic acid as significant fungal metabolite.

Tensamples of different types of cheese were collected from local markets in Assiut city. The samples included (four soft cheese, three Ras cheese and three Roquefort cheese). All samples were collected and kept under refrigeration condition (5 – 7 ºC).Czapek's dextrose agar medium used for isolation and identification the mycoflora of them. The results observed that nine species belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Eurotium and  Rhizopus were recovered and identified. Aspergillus was the most predominant and represented by four species namely A. flavus, A. niger, A. paraciticus, and A. fumigatus. Euotium represented by two species namely E. repens and E. chevalieri. Aspergillus niger found in the four types of cheese. This research aimed to determine the chemical and microbiological quality of some types of cheese including detection and identification of fungi.

Because of their negative effects on the environment, humans, and other organisms, chemical pesticides have been prohibited in many countries. Alternative microbial management is easy-to-implement, effective, and safe for humans and the environment. Fungus-based bio-pesticide products like kojic acid could commercialize as effective alternative chemical pesticides. Aspergillus oryzae ASU44 (OL314732) was isolated from hollyhock rhizosphere and identified using 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The strain showed high ability of kojic acid production especially after optimizing the production using 41-run Box-Behnken statistical design. Maximum kojic acid production was 46.53 g/l (predicted values 46.62 g/l) obtained in run number (23) using Glucose (150, g/l), Yeast extract (5 g/l), KH2PO4 (3 g/l), MgSO4.7H2O (0.5 g/l) and pH (3). The design was effective to applied with coefficient (R2) 0.988, 0.986 (adjusted R2 0.975, 0.972) for kojic acid (g/l) and dry fungal mass formation (g/l). The pathogenicity of the fungus and their kojic acid in addition to standard synthetic kojic acid was investigated to the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae). All treatments had a considerable impact on aphid mortality. The mortality rate was relative to the duration of exposure and the quantities of bio-pesticides agents. However, data revealed that as concentrations increased, the lethal time values decreased. Aspergillus oryzae ASU44 and its extract containing kojic acid were found effective against A. gossypii. As a result, this research suggests that these agents could be effective in aphid cotton management.

COVID-19 pandemic is a major worldwide health disaster
firstly reported in December 2019. The Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has offered the public hope of
halting it, authorizing vaccinations for emergency use with
more than 85% efficacy against serious acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Recent outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2
variations including spike-protein mutations, the key
vaccines viral target for immune response, have prompted
a thorough investigation into the vaccine's long-term
effectiveness. Consequently, this review assayed the
details on SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism and how to
control the infection by different types of SARS-CoV-2
vaccines, and their effectiveness against other mutant
strains. Additionally, the review summarized the different
complaints which have been recorded after vaccination. In
conclusion, these negative effects must be constantly
weighed against the predicted advantages in terms of
disease prevention. Although COVID-19 vaccination is
recommended for everyone aged 5 years and older, SARS-
CoV-2 is high likely to continue to be a pandemic
infectious as a result of the broadcasting of variants of th

Edible Mushrooms have been valued as a valuable food source due to its nutritional and medicinal characteristics. Edible mushrooms contain various bioactive components such as proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, dietary fibers, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. They have essential health effects, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, immune-stimulatory, and anticancer, cholesterol-lowering properties. Because of their nutritional and medicinal benefits, mushrooms have become increasingly popular in recent years all over the world. Mushrooms were considered immortality plants in Ancient Egypt and were given to mankind by the god Osiris. Mushrooms were declared a delicacy reserved only for Egyptian nobility due to their distinct flavor. The current study focuses on the common species of edible mushrooms in Egypt and their different bioactive ingredients, nutritional values and the health 

Jasmonic acid (JA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are master regulators of plant development and stress response against pathogens and environmental fluctuations. Thus, JA is an important stress-associated phytohormone that can promote various defense interactions, regulate stomatal openness, synthesis of antimicrobial substances, or plant cell reprogramming. Numerous studies also demonstrated that plants thriving under environmental fluctuations stresses are linked to the JA response, revealing that JA application can alleviate the damage of abiotic stress by improving plant tolerance. Therefore, jasmonic acid and amino acid conjugate (JA-Ile) represent stress hormones that improve crop resilience under environmental fluctuations. In addition, JA modulates the plant growth and developmental stages by regulating the crosstalk between JA and the main plant hormone groups, balancing plant development

Postharvest fungal infection is the common cause of fresh fruit losses. Thus, effective antifungal agents are highly required. Herein, copper-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were used as a precursor for the synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) embedded into carbon (CuO@C). The materials' crystallinity was confirmed using X-ray diffraction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) approve the elemental species and concentration of copper in the synthesized materials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveal the successful formation of CuO-embedded C, that is, CuO@C, with a particle size of 36–123 nm. CuO@C nanoparticles are used as an antifungal agent against four economic postharvest plant pathogens; Alternaria alternata (black spot disease of tomato), Fusarium oxysporum (rot disease of tomato), Penicillium digitatum (gray mold disease of lemon), and Rhizopus oryzae (soft rot disease of banana). The inhibition zones were 36 ± 0.5, 20.2 ± 0.4, 16 ± 0.5, and 10.2 ± 0.1 mm for R. oryzae, P. digitatum, F. oxysporum, and A. alternata, respectively. CuO@C antifungal action includes significant inhibition of cellulases and amylase enzyme activity, decreasing the potentiality of fungal pathogenicity and fruit disease. CuO@C exhibited high antifungal activity against postharvest antifungal species.

The purpose of this research is to interpolate bipolarity into the definition of the vague soft set. This gives a new more applicable, flexible, and generalized extension of the soft set, the fuzzy soft set, or even the vague soft set, which is the bipolar vague soft set. In addition, types of bipolar vague soft sets, as well as some new related concepts and operations are established with examples. Moreover, properties of bipolar vague soft sets including absorption, commutative, associative, distributive, and De Morgan’s laws are discussed in detail. Furthermore, a bipolar vague soft set-designed decision-making algorithm is provided generalizing Roy and Maji method. This allows making more effective decisions to choose the optimal alternative. Finally, an applied problem is introduced with a comparative analysis to illustrate how the proposed algorithm works more successfully than the previous models for problems that contain uncertain ambiguous data.

Rebamipide is a quinolone derivative that has been commonly used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. However, the molecular mechanisms of rebamipide against acetic acid-evoked colitis have not been adequately examined. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of rebamipide in a rat model of acetic acid-evoked ulcerative colitis and the linked mechanisms pertaining to SIRT1/FoxO3a/Nrf2 and PI3K/AKT pathways. Herein, colitis was induced by the intrarectal administration of 3% acetic acid solution in saline (v/v) while rebamipide was administered by oral gavage (100 mg/kg/day) for seven days before the colonic insult. The colonic injury was examined by macroscopical and microscopical examination. The current findings demonstrated that rebamipide significantly improved the colonic injury by lowering the colonic disease activity index and macroscopic mucosal injury score. Moreover, it mitigated the histopathological aberrations and microscopical damage score. The favorable outcomes of rebamipide were driven by combating inflammation evidenced by dampening the colonic expression of NF-κBp65 and the pro-inflammatory markers CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6. In the same context, rebamipide curtailed the colonic pro-inflammatory PI3K/AKT pathway as seen by downregulating the immunostaining of PI3K and p-AKT(Ser473) signals. In tandem, rebamipide combated the colonic pro-oxidant events and augmented the antioxidant milieu by significantly diminishing the colonic TBARS and replenishing GSH, SOD, GST, GPx, and CAT. In the same regard, rebamipide stimulated the colonic upstream SIRT1/FoxO3a/Nrf2 axis by upregulating the expression of SIRT1, FoxO3a, and Nrf2, alongside downregulating Keap-1 gene expression. These antioxidant actions were accompanied by upregulation of the protein expression of the cytoprotective signal PPAR-γ in the colons of rats. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that the promising ameliorative features of rebamipide against experimental colitis were driven by combating the colonic inflammatory and oxidative responses. In perspective, augmentation of colonic SIRT1/FoxO3a/Nrf2 and inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathways were engaged in the observed favorable outcomes.