Pyrolysis of cobalt (Co)-based metal-organic frameworks (MOF) was used to synthesize Co₃O₄@N-doped C composites. The hierarchical porous structure of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-67) was synthesized using a triethylamine-assisted method in water and room temperature. ZIF-67 was used as a precursor for the synthesis of Co₃O₄@N-doped C. The material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), and X-ray photoelectron microscope (XPS). The carbon content and hierarchical porous structure of ZIF-67 enhanced the electron and ion transport. As a result of these advantages, the Co₃O₄@N-doped C electrode demonstrated improved capacitive performance, with a high specific capacitance of 709 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ and a reasonable rate capability after 5000 cycles. The simple synthesis procedure and the high electrochemical performance enable promising electroactive materials for supercapacitors using MOF-derived materials.

The processing of hierarchical porous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) into a cellulose paper using sheet former Rapid-Köthen (R.K.) is reported. The procedure is a promising route to overcome a significant bottleneck towards applying metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in commercial products. ZIF-8 crystals were integrated into cellulose pulp (CP) or TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNF) following an in-situ or ex-situ process; the materials were denoted as CelloZIFPaper_In Situ and CelloZIFPaper_Ex Situ, respectively. The materials were applied as adsorbents to remove heavy metals from water, with adsorption capacities of 66.2–354.0 mg/g. CelloZIFPaper can also be used as a stand-alone working electrode for the selective sensing of toxic heavy metals, for instance, lead ions (Pb²⁺), using electrochemical-based methods with a limit of detection (LOD) of 8 µM. The electrochemical measurements may advance 'Lab-on-CelloZIFPaper' technologies for label-free detection of heavy metal ions.

Energy storage materials have advanced renewable energy technologies. Herein, we described the one-pot synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs)/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanocomposite. The condensation of melamine and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxyaldehyde with and without g-C₃N₄ offered the synthesis of COF and COF/g-C₃N₄. Furthermore, N-doped carbon and N-doped carbon/g-C₃N₄ were synthesized via the carbonization of COF and COF/g-C₃N₄, respectively. The materials i.e., before and after carbonization were used as electrode materials for supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). They showed specific capacitance of 211, 257.5, 450, and 835.2 F·g^–1 for COF, COF/g-C₃N₄, N-doped carbon, and N-doped carbon/g-C₃N₄, respectively. Asymmetric supercapacitor device using N-doped carbon/g-C₃N₄ exhibited good energy (45.97 Wh·kg^–1) with high power (659.3 W·kg^–1). The N-doped C/g-C₃N₄ electrode was also applied for LIBs, offering a discharge capacity of 390 mAh·g^–1 (at 50 mA·g^–1).

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is one of the culprit causes of global climatic changes. Furthermore, the efficient separation of CO₂ from other gaseous mixtures using zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-based materials is vital for several processes such as flue gas separation, gas sweetening, and natural gas processing. ZIF-based materials are emerging adsorbents and catalysts for CO₂ gas removal via adsorption and conversion into valuable chemicals. ZIF-based adsorbents with high-adsorption/conversion efficiencies and tunable properties can be achieved by judicious synthesis and fabrication methods. We reviewed ZIF-based materials for CO₂ removal via adsorption and catalysis (e.g., cycloaddition, carboxylation, hydrogenation, N-formylation, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis). In addition, recent development methods such as membrane technologies and ways to improve the gas separation performance of ZIF membranes were highlighted. The prospective point of view to promote industrial applications and commercialization of ZIF-based materials was briefly discussed. Once challenges such as low performance and reproducibility for ZIF-based materials are solved, scalability and cost-effectiveness should not become issues.

Pomegranate trees are tropical and subtropical shrubs with nutritional benefits and pharmaceutical and therapeutic uses. Antioxidative systems protect the structure and function of cellular membranes. This study demonstrated the connection between oxidative stress generated by excess nanoparticles ZnO (ZnO-NPs) accumulation in pomegranate calli and the involvement of thiol groups and volatile and semi-volatile compounds in alleviating this stress. The effect of the non-enzymatic antioxidant system was studied using callus treated with three levels of ZnO-NPs or bulk particles (ZnO-BPs). With rising ZnO levels in the media, callus growth was gradually decreased by ZnO in both forms (NPs and BPs). Malondialdehyde (MDA) measurements revealed that different concentrations of both forms promoted lipid peroxidation. The supply of both forms had a considerable stimulatory influence on the cysteine (Cys