Scientists have become interested in treating dye-contaminated water due to the health issues and ecological imbalances caused by the presence of these injurious compounds in water. Herein, two MnO2 polymorphs i.e. ε- and γ-MnO2 were prepared by the comproportionation reaction between KMnO4 and MnCl2. In comparison to γMnO2, ε-MnO2 has greater surface area, pore width, and pore volume. According to the thermal study, ε-MnO2 contains more surplus mass in the form of negatively charged surface hydroxyl groups than γphase. The adsorption capability of both polymorphs was examined for the removal of both cationic (methylene blue, malachite green and crystal violet) and anionic dyes (eosin yellow). The efficient adsorption for the cationic dyes using ε-MnO2 was occurred in the neutral medium, where it had a highly negative surface as determined by zeta potential measurements. It only took few minutes to complete the removal. The electrostatic interactions of the cationic dye molecules with the OH- groups account for this result. While, complete dye removal (40 min) was occurred in the acidic medium using γ-MnO2. On the other hand, in the neutral medium the adsorption of the anionic dye molecules on the surface of both MnO2 phases was hampered by the repulsion forces. As a result, despite extending the contact time to 180 min and the adsorbent dose to 50 mg, no anionic dye removal was seen. On the contrary, in the acidic medium very fast removal occurs for Eosin Y as the surface of both MnO2 phases acquired a positive charge. The influence of the ionic strength on MB elimination was investigated. The results showed that as the content of NaCl was increased, the removal effectiveness decreased from 100% to 35%. The kinetics of cationic dye adsorption on the εMnO2 surface was studied, and it was discovered that the mechanism follows a pseudo-second order model.

We report the structural and nonlinear behavior of Sn 1− x− y Zn x M y O z varistors with x= 0.00, 0.50, y= 0.00, 0.25 and M= Fe, Co, Ni and Mn. The crystallite and grain sizes and porosity of SnO 2 are decreased by Zn doping, followed by a further decrease by (Zn+ M) co-substitution. The breakdown field (E B), nonlinear coefficient (α), leakage current (I K) and residual voltage (K r) of SnO 2 are respectively 333.35 V/cm, 5.6, 900 μA/cm 2 and 5.32. When SnO 2 was substituted by Zn, I K and K r are decreased to 816 μA/cm 2 and 3.62, whereas E B and α are increased to 666.67 and 11.48. The E B and α values are increased by co-substitution in the SnZnMn sample, whereas I K and K r are decreased. Rather than containing many elements and compounds, the current varistors are based on only two well-known ions co-substituted into SnO 2. These findings are discussed in terms of the oxygen vacancies.

The Eocene limestone plateau, west of Assiut, is characterized by different sedimentary structural features such as fractures, karst, cavities and marble. All conventional methods failed to detect these features due to their inhomogeneities. In this study, a ground-penetrating radar survey was applied to an area including an old quarry of marble lying at the eastern part of the limestone plateau. The field survey was carried out using a 200-MHz antenna following the profiling and areal mapping techniques. The acquired ground-penetrating radar wave images were processed and interpreted using the available software program to enhance the different reflection characteristics from the subsurface anomalous materials. A series of the three-dimensional model cross sectionwith variable depthswere constructed to identify and characterize different georadar facies changes vertically and laterally. The obtained results were adjusted and compared with the excavated features of the quarry; therefore, ground-penetrating radar anomalies and reflections were calibrated. In the present study, the ground-penetrating radar survey succeeded in differentiating between dense limestone rocks, onyx marble
and microstructural features resulting from recent tectonism. Moreover, the investigation of ground-penetrating radar reflection waves is useful in differentiating between low- and high-quality limestone and onyx marble. This study identifies the various features of the limestone plateau lying below the ground surface, west of Assiut, that are to be taken into account by planners when establishing new urban centres on the plateau in the future.

Background Calamus rotang L. (CR) is an Indian shrub. The leaves and other organs of the plant are traditionally used in India for treatment of various diseases. The in vitro antioxidant property of the leaves extract was previously estab‑ lished. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective efects of CR ethyl acetate extract at a dose of 350 mg/kg on CCl4 induced hepatotoxic rats through diferent mechanisms. Methods Histopathological examination of the treated rats’ group in comparison with positive and negative con‑ trols were performed. Quantitative measuring of the proinfammatory cytokines (TNF α), infammatory regulators (Arginase, PPAR α) and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in comparison with positive and negative control groups was achieved using immunohistochemical examination. HPLC profling of the polyphenol contents and molecular dock‑ ing of the identifed compounds against BH3 proapoptotic protein were correspondingly studied to evaluate the potential antiapoptotic property. Results The CR extract greatly protects the liver tissue through the suppression of TNF α, arginase and PPAR α induced by CCl4 as well as its enhancement of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Fourteen polyphenols of diferent classes were identifed in CR extract and tested via molecular docking for their potential antiapoptotic activities against BH3 protein. Naringin, rutin, 7-hydroxy favone, and ellagic acid compounds exhibit the highest afnity and potential inhibition of pro-apoptotic protein BH3 via molecular docking study. Conclusions The ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves of C. rotang is rich in polyphenols that exhibited potent hepato‑ protective efect on CCl4 induced hepatotoxic rats through its antioxidant, anti-infammatory, anti-steatosis and antiapoptotic properties.

In this study, new derivatives of the antitubercular and anti-inflammatory drug, 4-aminosaliclic acids (4-ASA) were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for these activities. In vivo and in viro evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity revealed that compounds 10, 19 and 20 are the most active with potent cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipooxgenase (5-LOX) inhibition and without causing gasric lesions. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the newly synthesized compound were, also, measured against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV. Among the tested compounds 17, 19 and 20 exhibited significant activities against the growth of M. tuberculosis. 20 is the most potent with (MIC 1.04 µM) 2.5 folds more potent than the parent drug 4-ASA. 20 displayed low cytotoxicity against normal cell providing a high therapeutic index. Important structure features were analyzed by docking and structure–activity relationship analysis to give better insights into the structural determinants for predicting the anti-inflammatory and anti-TB activities. Our results indicated that compounds 19 and 20 are potential lead compounds for the discovery of dual anti-inflammatory and anti-TB drug candidates.

Two types of generalized dislocated metric spaces are introduced. Also, we prove some fixed point theorems in these spaces. These theorems are different generalizations of a fixed point theorem of Hitzler and Seda [P. Hitzler, AK Seda, Dislocated topologies, J. Electr. Engin. 51 (2000) 3–7]. Finally, we give applications on our results.

Integration of stratigraphy, spatial evolution, and syn-tectonism paved the way to propose a new depositional model for the
Eocene rocks in the Eastern Desert and Sinai. Minia, Darat, Samalut, and Maghagha geological formations have been recognized.
Eight sedimentary facies including tidal flat/lagoon complex, restricted inner lagoon, shoals, outer lagoon, back-bank, nummulite
bank, fore-bank, and open marine have been identified. They were deposited in the shallow marine photic environment on a
gently dipping platform ramp due to north of Egypt. Furthermore, this ramp shows three main faunal associations depending on
water depth. The facies zones are arranged into a series of parallel NE-SW elongated subsiding sub-basins, separated by emerged
and submerged swells rising from the bottom of the Eocene sea. Physically controlled sedimentary structures indicate a paraautochthonous to bio-concentration of the nummulite bodies. The spatio-temporal variations in the depositional environments
and hiatuses in between and within the studied rock units indicate stratigraphic unrest. The Syrian Arc tectonism is the main
trigger for such disturbance, which was rejuvenated and enlarged during the Late Cretaceous up to the Neogene in the eastern and
southeastern Mediterranean domain

The Cenozoic Ngwa Basin is located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) at the southern part of the Mount Bambouto
slope. Collected samples from this basin have been studied to investigate the provenance, maturity, tectonic setting, and
conditions of sedimentation via facies analyses, geochemical, petrographical, X-ray difraction (XRD), and heavy minerals
studies. The strata succession consists of alternation of positive and negative sequences with three facies association and
height lithofacies (Gcm, Gmm, Gmi, Sm, Sh, Fm, Fh, and Fhfc lithofacies), interbedded with the volcanic rocks made up
of rhyolite, ash pyroclasts and olivine basalt. Facies analyses show high variations in sedimentation conditions, with alternatively high and moderate to low energies of deposition infuenced by climate and tectonics. Petrographic study of pebbles
indicates the presence of varied volcanic rocks such as andesite, basalt, trachyte, dacite, and ignimbrite around the study
area. Analysis of the major elements points to volcanic heterogeneous provenance of sediments, with dominance of mafc
to intermediate igneous provenance, in the middle and upper part of deposits, and secondary recycled and felsic provenance
in its lower part. The studied sediments are mature (index of compositional variability: ICV generally < 1) and show high
recycling manner (chemical index of alteration: CIA 71.81 to 99.00 and plagioclase index of alteration: PIA 79.37 to 99.71).
This recycled character is further confrmed by the presence of inclusively quartz pebbles in the lower part of the studied
sequence and generally by the high ∑REE values (621.57 to 11,280.5 ppm > PAAS: 184.77 ppm). Sediments were deposited
in swamping settings with prevailing oxic conditions (high to slight negative Ce anomalies: 0.19 to 98) under warm and semihumide with periodically semi-arid to arid climate when one proceeds up-section as is evidenced by the major elements and
XRD data. Sedimentation in the Ngwa Basin refects a composite tectonic setting, which is probably connected to the Late
Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Gondwanan continental rifting and the South Atlantic Ocean evolution. The cases of Cenozoic
volcaniclastic deposits associated with terrigenous facies are reported in the Southern Apennines, Italy.